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Table 1 Use of antimicrobials in poultry, pig, and beef cattle production systems on Guadeloupe

From: Antimicrobial use and resistance in Escherichia coli from healthy food-producing animals in Guadeloupe

 

Farms

Poultry

Pig

Beef cattle

Total

P

(n = 15)

(n = 14)

(n = 16)

(n = 45)

Herd size

 mean ± sd

12,301

(18,983.0)

611

(799.0)

106

(197.0)

4327.8

(12,141.0)

 

 median (iqr)

1500

(19,340.0)

445

(603.0)

36

(50.0)

400.0

(948.0)

< 0.001

Use of food supplementsa n, (%)

 Never

1

(6.7)

5

(35.7)

6

(35.7)

12

(26.7)

 

 Occasionally

5

(33.3)

6

(42.9)

2

(12.5)

13

(28.9)

NS

 Systematically

9

(60.0)

3

(21.4)

8

(50.0)

20

(44.4)

 

Use of antimicrobial agent

 Never

9

(60.0)

3

(21.4)

4

(25.0)

16

(35.6)

 

 Occasionally

4

(26.7)

10

(71.4)

12

(75.0)

26

(57.7)

0.046

 Systematically

2

(13.3)

1

(7.1)

0

(0.0)

3

(6.7)

 

Veterinarian is the drug supplierd

 yes

6

(100.0)

8

(72.7)

8

(66.7)

22

(75.9)

NS

 Unknown

0

(0.0)

3

(27.3)

4

(33.3)

7

(24.1)

 

Nature of antimicrobial treatment

 Preventive

3

(50.0)

5

(45.5)

1

(8.3)

9

(31.0)

0.027

 Curative

3

(50.0)

6

(54.5)

11

(91.7)

20

(69.0)

 

Reasons for treatmentb

 Skin disease

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

4

(33.3)

5

(17.2)

 

 Respiratory pathology

1

(16.7)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

2

(6.9)

 

 Skin disease and otherc

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

1

(8.3)

2

(6.9)

 

 Respiratory and digestive pathologies

1

(16.7)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

2

(6.9)

 

 Respiratory, digestive pathologies and otherc

1

(16.7)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

2

(6.9)

NS

 Digestive pathology

1

(16.7)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

 

 Skin disease and respiratory pathology

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

 

 Skin disease, respiratory and digestive pathologies

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

 

 Digestive pathology and otherc

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

1

(8.3)

1

(3.4)

 

 Otherc

1

(16.7)

4

(36.3)

5

(41.8)

10

(34.5)

 

 Unknown

1

(16.7)

0

(0.0)

1

(8.3)

2

(6.9)

 

Antimicrobials used

 Tetracyclines

1

(16.7)

4

(36.3)

9

(75.1)

14

(48.4)

0.001

 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

4

(66.6)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

4

(13.9)

 β-lactams + streptomycin + tetracyclines

0

(0.0)

2

(18.2)

1

(8.3)

3

(10.4)

 β-lactams + streptomycin

0

(0.0)

2

(18.2)

0

(0.0)

2

(6.9)

 Tetracyclines + trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

1

(16.7)

0

–

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

 β-lactams

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

 β-lactams + tetracyclines

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

1

(8.3)

1

(3.4)

 β-lactams + phenicols + colistin + macrolides

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

 Streptomycin + tetracyclines

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

1

(8.3)

1

(3.4)

 Streptomycin + phenicols + macrolides

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

  > 1 antimicrobial molecule

  no

5

(33.3)

5

(45.5)

9

(75.0)

19

(65.5)

NS

  yes

1

(6.7)

6

(54.5)

3

(25.0)

10

(34.5)

Route of administrationd

 Parenteral

0

(0.0)

8

(72.7)

11

(91.7)

19

(65.5)

< 0.0001

 Feed

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

7

(24.2)

 Oral

6

(100.0)

1

(9.1)

0

(0.0)

1

(3.4)

 Unknown

0

(0.0)

1

(9.1)

1

(8.3)

2

(6.9)

One molecule used for 2 distinct pathologies

 yes

2

(33.3)

1

(9.1)

1

(8.3)

4

(13.8)

NS

 no

2

(33.3)

4

(36.4)

5

(41.7)

11

(38.0)

More than one molecule used for the same pathology

 yes

1

(16.7)

2

(18.1)

2

(16.7)

5

(17.2)

NS

 no

0

(0.0)

4

(36.4)

1

(8.3)

5

(17.2)

 Unknown

1

(16.7)

0

(0.0)

3

(25.0)

4

(13.8)

 

Vaccine administration

 yes

2

(13.3)

4

(28.6)

0

(0.0)

6

(13.3)

NS

 no

13

(86.7)

10

(71.4)

16

(100.0)

39

(86.6)

Other treatmentse

 yes

2

(13.3)

5

(35.7)

4

(25.0)

11

(24.4)

NS

 no

13

(86.7)

9

(64.3)

12

(75.0)

34

(75.6)

Veterinary treatment cost estimation in €/100 kg/year

 mean ± sd

10.6

(18.1)

11.2

(10.1)

6.2

(5.3)

9.2

(12.2)

 

 median (iqr)

1.7

(21.4)

7.1

(16.0)

6.4

(8.0)

6.1

(12.7)

NS

  1. Quantitative variables are summarized as median and interquartile range (IQR) or as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Qualitative variables are given as numbers and percentages. Intergroup differences were assessed in the Mann-Whitney test or chi-square test, as appropriate. Significant P values are shown in bold
  2. NS not significant
  3. aTrace elements, vitamins, carbohydrates, amino acids
  4. bTreatments could be applied for more than one reason
  5. cInfectious diseases, reproductive diseases, ticks, leg lesions
  6. dPercentages were calculated with the number of farmers who declared use of antimicrobials as the denominator
  7. eAntiparasitic, antihistaminic, hepatic, medicinal plants
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BMC Veterinary Research

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