Changes in the growth, ileal digestibility, intestinal histology, behavior, fatty acid composition of the breast muscles, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens by dietary inclusion of safflower oil and vitamin C

Table 5 The effect of inclusion of safflower oil and vitamin C in the broiler chicken diet on the behavioral activities

	Vitamin C level (mg/kg diet)		Safflower oil level (g/kg)			Vitamin C × Safflower oil						SEM	P-value
	0	400	0	5	10	0Vit.C+ 0 Saff. Oil	0Vit.C + 5 Saff. Oil	0Vit.C+ 10 Saff. Oil	400Vit.C+ 0 Saff. Oil	400Vit.C+ 5 Saff. Oil	400Vit.C+ 10 Saff. Oil	SEM	Vit. C	Saff. oil	Vit. C x Saff. oil
Feeding	48.99^b	79.86^a	48.76^b	62.56^ab	81.93^a	32.27	49.96	64.76	65.28	75.15	99.15	9.6	0.001	0.015	0.89
Drinking	33.85	37.82	28.44^b	24.35^b	54.71^a	32.22	16.65	52.68	24.67	32.06	56.73	8.51	0.6	0.003	0.49
Resting	129.6^b	211.04^a	115.94^b	172.9^b	222.12^a	70.28	148.5	170.21	161.6	197.48	274.03	12.55	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.41
Standing	53.65	44.4	68.69^a	51.26^ab	27.12^b	81.88	42.1	36.98	55.51	60.43	17.27	10.6	0.33	0.003	0.12
Walking	46.44	47.27	50.08	54.74	35.76	32.33^b	62.61^a	44.40^b	67.83 ^a	46.86^b	27.13^b	9.2	0.9	0.15	0.02
Feather preening	27.99^b	57.97^a	30.89^b	45.63^ab	52.42^a	24.78^b	33.3^b	25.9^b	37.0^b	57.96^ab	78.94^a	7.2	< 0.01	0.03	0.04
Others comfort	15.77^b	34.94^a	23.35	28.59	27.13	15.87	16.65	14.8	30.83	34.53	39.46	5.9	< 0.01	0.85	0.75
Foraging	25.56	26.72	35.95^a	30.76^a	11.7^b	29.98	43.02	3.68	41.93	18.5	19.73	3.58	0.86	0.01	0.02
Feather pecking	5.45	1.64	5.89	2.75	1.99	8.09	5.5	2.76	3.68	0.62	1.23	0.65	0.02	0.147	0.59

^{a, b} Means within the same row carrying different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05)

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