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Table 4 Risk factor analysis for dogs being Leptospira-infected (PCR- and/or ELISA- and/or MAT-positive)

From: Leptospira infection and shedding in dogs in Thailand

Variable

Total dogs

Categories

Number of dogs tested

Leptospira-positive

Leptospira-negative

Univariate analysis

Multivariate analysis (n = 242)

(%)

(%)

Odds ratio

95% CI

p

Odds ratio

95% CI

p

Age

242

<1 year

36

18 (50.0)

18 (50.0)

1.000

0.428–2.339

1.000

a

a

a

1.0–1.9 years

64

35 (54.7)

29 (45.3)

1.207

0.580–2.513

0.709

   

2.0–2.9 years

45

22 (48.9)

23 (51.1)

0.957

0.431–2.125

1.000

   

3.0–3.9 years

52

26 (50.0)

26 (50.0)

Reference

     

4.0–5.9 years

28

13 (46.4)

15 (53.6)

0.867

0.345–2.176

0.817

   

≥6 years

17

8 (47.1)

9 (52.9)

0.889

0.297–2.661

1.000

   

Breed

273

mix

266

132 (49.6)

134 (50.4)

1.313

0.288–5.982

0.725

a

a

a

pure breed

7

3 (42.9)

4 (57.1)

      

Sex

273

female

185

101 (54.6)

84 (45.4)

1.910

1.138–3.204

0.014

1.890

1.092–3.270

0.023

male

88

34 (38.6)

54 (61.4)

      

Neutering status

273

intact

270

134 (49.6)

136 (50.4)

1.971

0.177–21.992

1.000

a

a

a

neutered

3

1 (33.3)

2 (66.7)

      

Weight

175

5–11 kg

48

23 (47.9)

25 (52.1)

0.595

0.291–1.218

0.202

   

12–17 kg

84

51 (60.7)

33 (39.3)

Reference

     

≥18 kg

43

28 (65.1)

15 (34.9)

1.208

0.562–2.595

0.701

   

Origin

273

client-owned

154

74 (48.1)

80 (51.9)

      

stray

119

61 (51.2)

58 (48.8)

1.137

0.705–1.835

0.627

a

a

a

Environment

273

urban

134

73 (54.5)

61 (45.5)

1.486

0.923–2.395

0.103

a

a

a

rural

139

62 (45.6)

77 (54.4)

      

Free-running/roaming allowed

180

yes

174

90 (51.7)

84 (48.3)

      
  

no

6

5 (83.3)

1 (16.7)

4.667

0.534–40.773

0.164

   

Staying outdoors >50%

168

yes

148

79 (53.3)

69 (46.7)

      
  

no

20

11 (55.0)

9 (45.0)

1.068

0.418–2.728

1.000

   

Bathing in water

32

yes

13

8 (61.5)

5 (38.5)

      

no

19

12 (63.3)

7 (36.7)

1.0714

0.250–4.591

1.000

   

Drinking out of puddles

34

yes

13

8 (61.5)

5 (38.5)

      

no

21

13 (61.9)

8 (38.1)

1.016

0.245–4.213

1.000

   

Contact with rodents

33

yes

22

14 (63.6)

8 (36.4)

1.000

0.222–4.502

1.000

   

no

11

7 (63.6)

4 (36.4)

      

Eating rodents

33

yes

6

6 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

10.484

0.537–204.643

0.065

   

no

27

15 (55.5)

12 (44.5)

      

Consumption of raw meat

40

yes

12

7 (58.3)

5 (41.7)

      

no

28

17 (60.7)

11 (39.3)

1.104

0.279–4.369

1.000

   

Hunting dog

273

yes

0

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

      

no

273

135 (49.5)

138 (50.5)

1.0221

0.020–51.886

1.000

   

Contact with cats

50

yes

24

15 (62.5)

9 (37.5)

1.667

0.539–5.153

0.375

   

no

26

13 (50.0)

13 (50.0)

      

Contact with other dogs

176

yes

175

90 (51.4)

85 (48.6)

      

no

1

1 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

2.834

0.114–70.532

1.000

   

Contact with cattle

58

yes

16

6 (37.5)

10 (62.5)

      

no

42

31 (73.8)

11 (26.2)

4.697

1.382–15.969

0.013

   

Contact with pigs

58

yes

1

1 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

1.767

0.069–45.335

1.000

   

no

57

36 (63.2)

21 (36.8)

      
  1. Univariate and multivariate analysis for risk factors associated with positivity in at least one diagnostic Leptospira test (n = 135/273): urine PCR, MAT (cut-off: ≥1:20), IgM ELISA, and IgG ELISA (cut-off: ≥1:320). For multivariate analysis, backward stepwise selection based on Wald was performed for the following parameters: age, breed, sex, neutering status, origin, and environment
  2. aVariable was eliminated in backward stepwise selection
  3. Significant p-values are shown in bold
  4. PCR polymerase chain reaction, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, MAT microscopic agglutination test, CI confidence interval, p p-value