Comparison of antimicrobial prescription patterns in calves in Switzerland before and after the launch of online guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use

Table 4 Recommendations for antimicrobial choice

Disease	Route of administration	First line antimicrobial	Second line antimicrobial	Third line antimicrobial
Pneumonia	parenteral	Florfenicol	Sulfonamide + trimethoprim β-lactam antibiotics^a Tetracycline	Fluoroquinolone^b 3rd or 4th generation cephalosporin^b
Diarrhea
caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli^c	oral	Amoxicillin	Sulfonamide + trimethoprim	Neomycin
caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli^c	parenteral	Amoxicillin	Sulfonamide + trimethoprim	Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid
caused by Coccidia	oral	Sulfonamide
with suspicion of Salmonellosis	parenteral	Sulfonamide + trimethoprim	Aminoglycoside	Fluoroquinolone^b
Otitis	parenteral	Tetracycline	Florfenicol	Fluoroquinolone^b Macrolide^b

Based on the guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use available on AntibioticScout.ch [34, 35]; ^a3^rd or 4th generation cephalosporin excluded; ^bhighly restricted use, i.e. prescription only justified after pathogen identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing; ^cas calves with diarrhea, regardless of etiology, often have coliform bacterial overgrowth of the small intestines [43], cases with unknown cause of diarrhea were judged using the guidelines for diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

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