Table 1 Univariable analysis for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae shedding by Thoroughbred race horses
Variable | classification | Frequency ,% of horses | P value | Prevalence OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.226 | |||
Female | 46 (n = 47/103) | Reference | ||
Geldings | 42 (n = 43/103) | 0.739 | 2.365 (0.316–5.063) | |
Stallion | 12 (n = 13/103) | 0.095 | 4.005 (0.784–20.466) | |
Veterinarian | 0.741 | |||
1 | 39.8(n = 45/113) | Reference | ||
2 | 3.5 (n = 4/113) | a | ||
3 | 8.8 (n = 10/113) | 0.488 | 0.426 (0.038–4.752) | |
4 | 45 (n = 52/113) | 0.623 | 0.692 (0.159–3.001) | |
5 | 1.8 (n = 2/113) | a | ||
Age | 3 (2–11 years) | 0.513 | 1.114 (0.805–1.545) | |
Pathologies one month prior to sampling | 0.369 | |||
Orthopedic diseases | 27 (n = 24/89) | 0.273 | 0.381 (0.067–2.137) | |
Respiratory diseases | 20 (n = 18/89) | 0.511 | 0.554 (0.095–3.223) | |
Dermatological lesions | 6 (n = 5/89) | 0.828 | 0.703 (0.029–16.716) | |
Metabolic diseases | 3 (n = 3/89) | 0.133 | 112.278 (0.467–322.807) | |
Open wounds | 1 (n = 1/89) | a | ||
Colic | 0 | |||
Ophthalmic diseases | 0 | |||
Teeth abnormalities | 0 | |||
Pathologies two-three months prior to sampling | 0.494 | |||
Orthopedic diseases | 34 (n = 31/91) | 0.689 | 0.764 (0.204–2.86) | |
Respiratory diseases | 29 (n = 26/91) | 0.172 | 0.306 (0.0557–1.675) | |
Dermatological lesions | 3 (n = 3/91) | 0.643 | 1.833 (0.141–23.825) | |
Metabolic diseases | 2 (n = 2/91) | a | ||
Open wounds | 0 | |||
Colic | 1 (n = 1/91) | a | ||
Ophthalmic diseases | 0 | |||
Teeth abnormalities | 0 | |||
Pathologies three-six months prior to sampling | 0.181 | |||
Orthopedic diseases | 33 (n = 27/81) | 0.138 | 0.3 (0.061–1.472) | |
Respiratory diseases | 37 (n = 30/81) | 0.102 | 0.266 (0.054–1.3) | |
Dermatological lesions | 2 (n = 2/81) | a | ||
Metabolic diseases | 1 (n = 1/81) | a | ||
Open wounds | 0 | |||
Colic | 0 | |||
Ophthalmic diseases | 1 (n = 1/81) | a | ||
Teeth abnormalities | 1 (n = 1/81) | a | ||
Pathologies six-twelve months prior to sampling | 0.544 | |||
Orthopedic diseases | 27 (n = 15/56) | 0.715 | 0.708 (0.111–4.51) | |
Respiratory diseases | 23 (n = 13/56) | 0.379 | 0.354 (0.035–3.577) | |
Dermatological lesions | 0 | |||
Metabolic diseases | 0 | |||
Open wounds | 0 | |||
Colic | 4 (n = 2/56) | 0.341 | 4.249 (0.216–83.513) | |
Ophthalmic diseases | 4 (n = 2/56) | a | ||
Teeth abnormalities | 5 (n = 3/56) | a | ||
Treatments and procedures one month prior to sampling | Antibiotic treatment | 11.1 (n = 10/90) | 0.006 | 11.411 (1.991–65.395) |
Omeprazole treatment | 13 (n = 12/91) | 0.721 | 1.353 (0.257–7.115) | |
Anti-inflammatory drugs | 46.8 (n = 44/94) | 0.352 | 0.519 (0.131–2.062) | |
Anti-parasitic drugs | 2.2 (n = 2/92) | 0.228 | 5.764 (0.339–98.034) | |
Food additives | 7.5 (n = 7/93) | 0.778 | 0.642 (0.029–14.125) | |
Naso-gastric tube insertion | 1.1 (n = 1/92) | a | ||
Endoscopy | 13.8 (n = 13/94) | 0.479 | 1.675 (0.401–6.992) | |
Hospitalization | 6.5 (n = 6/92) | 0.233 | 3 (0.494–18.222) | |
Surgical procedure | 0.128 | |||
Castration | 5.5 (n = 5/91) | 0.128 | 4.364 (0.654–29.127) | |
Arthroscopy | 1.1 (n = 1/91) | a | ||
Treatments and procedures Two-three months prior to sampling | Antibiotic treatment | 14.6 (n = 13/89) | 0.378 | 1.919 (0.449–8.203) |
Omeprazole treatment | 17.77 (n = 16/90) | 0.864 | 0.868 (0.172–4.388) | |
Anti-inflammatory drugs | 55.9 (n = 52/93) | 0.101 | 0.253 (0.048–1.31) | |
Anti-parasitic drugs | 7.7 (n = 7/91) | 0.342 | 2.336 (0.406–13.443) | |
Food additives | 12.1 (n = 11/91) | 0.809 | 1.22 (0.235–6.378) | |
Naso-gastric tube insertion | 3.3 (n = 3/91) | a | ||
Endoscopy | 23.1 (n = 21/91) | 0.487 | 0.569 (0.116–2.792) | |
Hospitalization | 4.4 (n = 4/91) | a | ||
Surgical procedure | a | |||
Castration | 2.25 (n = 2/89) | a | ||
Arthroscopy | 2.25 (n = 2/89) | a | ||
Treatments and procedures three- six months prior to sampling | Antibiotic treatment | 18.2 (n = 14/77) | 0.392 | 0.392 (0.046–3.348) |
Omeprazole treatment | 15.58 (n = 12/77) | 0.722 | 1.358 (0.252–7.332) | |
Anti-inflammatory drugs | 64.6 (n = 51/79) | 0.088 | 0.241 (0.047–1.237) | |
Anti-parasitic drugs | 10.1 (n = 8/79) | 0.445 | 1.966 (0.347–11.146) | |
Food additives | 6.4 (n = 5/78) | 0.79 | 1.364 (0.139–13.381) | |
Naso-gastric tube insertion | 1.3 (n = 1/78) | a | ||
Endoscopy | 26.3 (n = 21/80) | 0.87 | 0.889 (0.216–3.657) | |
Hospitalization | 6.5 (n = 5/77) | 0.79 | 1.634 (0.139–13.381) | |
Surgical procedure | a | |||
Castration | 5.3 (n = 4/76) | a | ||
Arthroscopy | 1.3 (n = 1/76) | a | ||
Treatments and procedures Six-twelve month prior to sampling | Antibiotic treatment | 12.1 (n = 7/58) | 0.622 | 1.8 (0.174–18.638) |
Omeprazole treatment | 10.5 (n = 6/57) | 0.135 | 4.5 (0.626–32.39) | |
Anti-inflammatory drugs | 50 (n = 29/58) | 0.482 | 0.576 (0.124–2.679) | |
Anti-parasitic drugs | 8.6 (n = 5/58) | 0.522 | 2.19 (0.198–24.117) | |
Food additives | 1.7 (n = 1/58) | a | ||
Naso-gastric tube insertion | 12.1 (n = 7/58) | 0.984 | 1.024 (0.107–9.838) | |
Endoscopy | 17.2 (n = 10/58) | 0.784 | 0.732 (0.079–6.795) | |
Hospitalization | 0 | a | ||
Surgical procedure | a | |||
Castration | 1.7 (n = 1/59) | a | ||
Arthroscopy | 0 |