Table 4 iPSCs for Disease Research

 Osteoporosis

Fibroblasts

Osteoblast-like cells

Local cell transplantation

Significant improvement in bone structures at transplanted site; maintenance of bone structures locally

[141]

 Osteochondral damage, osteoarthritis

Adult fibroblasts

piPSC-like cells

Direct pellet transplantation

Cartilage regeneration; no tumor formation

[24]

 Chronic myocardial infarction

Adult fibroblasts

piPSCs

Direct injection

Integration of iPSCs into cardiac muscle without differentiation; potential contribution to angiogenesis

[51]

 Acute myocardial infarction

Adult fibroblasts

piPSCs

Direct injection

Significant decrease in infarcted area; improvement in local function and perfusion

[142]

 Myocardial infraction

Adult MSCs

Endothelial cells (ECs)

Local injections

Improved function and an increase in the number of capillaries in the peri-infarct area; no significant changes in infarct area size.

[77]

 Chronic spinal cord injury

Adult fibroblasts

Neural precursor cells (NPCs)

Bilateral syngeneic grafts

Long-term immune tolerance of NPCs; integration into and beyond grafted region

[54]

 Retinal damage

Fetal fibroblasts

Rod photoreceptors

Local injection

Integration into damaged porcine neural retina

[78, 143]

 Muscle injury

Adult MSCs

eiPSCs

Intramuscular injection

Partial muscle regeneration; in vivo differentiation of eiPSCs into myofibers at the injury site

[87]

 Musculoskeletal injury

Adult MSCs

MSCs

Injection into lesion

Improvements in clinical conditions for injuries including fractures, tendonitis, osteochondrosis, and osteoarthritis

[144]

 Hind limb ischemia

Adult MSCs and fibroblasts

Endothelial cells

Local injections

Successful engraftment in the ischemic limb; significant improvement of vascularization locally

[92]

 Cardiac infarction

Adult MSCs and fibroblasts

Endothelial cells

Local injections

Successful engraftment locally; improvement in cardiac contractility

[92]