Fig. 4

Linear discriminant effect size analysis (LEfSe) of the nasal microbiota of healthy donkeys (n = 14) before (BN) and after (AN) long distance transport. a Phylogenetic profile of specific bacterial taxa and predominant bacteria between the two groups. b Substantially high bacterial taxa at different taxonomic levels (p = phylum, c = class, o = order, f = family, g = genus, and s = species) represented in BN with (green) and AN (red) as indicated by LDA scores based on LEfSe. LDA score of 3.0 was used as a threshold for significance in LEfSe analyses