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Fig. 6 | BMC Veterinary Research

Fig. 6

From: Prognostic potential of pre-partum blood biochemical and immune variables for postpartum mastitis risk in dairy cows

Fig. 6

The immune processes in the dairy cows with high somatic cell counts (SCC). Excessive body fat mobilization increases the serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and non-esterified acid (NEFA), reduces the activities of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and increases the activity of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), leading to oxidative stress and changed immune status of the HSCC cows. The tissue innate immune systems will then be activated, with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) playing an important role. When the pathogen is not killed by the innate immune defenses, the acquired immune system is activated, with lymphocytes playing an important role in this process. During the whole period, the cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, and p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) play different roles, and increase blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). (+) indicates promotion, (−) indicates inhibition; I, innate immunity, II, acquired immunity; a polymorphonuclear neutrophils; b lymphocyte; c Platelet

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