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Table 4 Chiari malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) severity scoring strategy, as proposed by the British Veterinary Association (BVA) for use in stratifying dogs with CM/SM [13]

From: Mechanical quantitative sensory testing in cavalier King Charles spaniels with and without syringomyelia

Grade

CM

CM0

Cerebellum is rounded with CSF between vermis and foramen magnum

CM1

Indentation of cerebellum by supraoccipital bone; CSF present between vermis and foramen magnum

CM2

Cerebellar vermis is impacted into or through the foramen magnum

SM0

No syrinx or central canal dilation

SM1

Central canal dilation with a diameter < 2 mm

SM2

Central canal dilation > 2 mm, separate syrinx, or pre-syrinx with or without central canal dilation