Table 1 Univariable mixed logistic regression models for canine leptospirosis PCR tests in the United States (2009–2016)
Variable | N (%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Dog age (years) | < 0.001 | ||
0–4 | 10,612 (27.2) | Reference | |
5–7 | 9503 (24.3) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.80) | < 0.001 |
8–10 | 10,176 (26.1) | 0.49 (0.43, 0.55) | < 0.001 |
> 10 | 8752 (22.4) | 0.34 (0.30, 0.40) | < 0.001 |
Dog sex | < 0.001 | ||
Female | 20,299 (51.3) | Reference | |
Male | 19,253 (48.7) | 1.31 (1.20, 1.43) | |
Season test performed | < 0.001 | ||
Fall | 7604 (18.9) | Reference | |
Winter | 10,405 (25.9) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.88) | < 0.001 |
Spring | 9402 (23.4) | 0.47 (0.41, 0.54) | < 0.001 |
Summer | 12,707 (31.7) | 0.63 (0.56, 0.72) | < 0.001 |
Year test performed | < 0.001 | ||
2009 | 4.4% (3.4, 5.6%)1 | Reference | |
2010 | 2.6% (2.0, 3.2%)1 | 0.57 (0.40, 0.81) | 0.001 |
2011 | 2.6% (2.0, 3.2%)1 | 0.57 (0.40, 0.80) | 0.001 |
2012 | 3.8% (3.2, 4.4%)1 | 0.86 (0.63, 1.17) | 0.333 |
2013 | 7.7% (6.9, 8.5%)1 | 1.81 (1.36, 2.40) | < 0.001 |
2014 | 7.5% (6.9, 8.2%)1 | 1.73 (1.31, 2.28) | < 0.001 |
2015 | 6.1% (5.6, 6.6%)1 | 1.35 (1.03, 1.78) | 0.031 |
2016 | 5.0% (4.6, 5.4%)1 | 1.11 (0.84, 1.46) | 0.446 |
County urban influence code2 | 0.013 | ||
Non-urban | 3337 (8.3) | Reference | |
Urban | 36,781 (91.7) | 1.31 (1.06, 1.61) | |
County dog density (dogs/mi2)2 | 0.013 | ||
0–50 | 8788 (21.9) | Reference | |
51–150 | 11,059 (27.6) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) | 0.088 |
151–350 | 9956 (24.8) | 1.41 (1.15, 1.72) | 0.001 |
> 350 | 10,315 (25.7) | 1.32 (1.04, 1.64) | 0.020 |
Region2 | 0.010 | ||
Midwest | 9536 (23.8) | Reference | |
Southwest | 4994 (12.5) | 0.89 (0.57, 1.40) | 0.624 |
West | 9230 (23.0) | 0.52 (0.37, 0.75) | < 0.001 |
Southeast | 8032 (20.0) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.87) | 0.003 |
Northeast | 8326 (20.8) | 0.73 (0.53, 0.99) | 0.046 |
State climate division Palmer Drought Severity Index2,3 | < 0.001 | ||
≤ 0 (dry conditions) | 20,852 (52.0) | Reference | |
> 0 (wet conditions) | 19,266 (48.0) | 1.24 (1.12, 1.37) | |
State climate division precipitation (centimeters)2,3 | < 0.001 | ||
0–2.5 | 6550 (16.3) | Reference | |
2.6–7.6 | 13,764 (34.3) | 1.33 (1.14, 1.56) | < 0.001 |
7.7–12.7 | 12,327 (30.7) | 1.44 (1.22, 1.70) | < 0.001 |
> 12.7 | 7477 (18.6) | 1.37 (1.15, 1.64) | 0.001 |
State climate division temperature (°C)2,3 | 0.001 | ||
≤ 4 | 6795 (16.9) | Reference | |
5–13 | 10,460 (26.1) | 1.24 (1.07, 1.43) | 0.003 |
14–21 | 12,550 (31.3) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 0.496 |
> 21 | 10,313 (25.7) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.914 |
County percent of adults with a bachelors degree or higher2 | 0.641 | ||
< 50% | 36,634 (91.3) | Reference | |
≥ 50% | 3484 (8.7) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.29) | |
County median household income (USD)2 | 0.871 | ||
< $50,000 | 6126 (15.3) | Reference | |
$50,000–$74,999 | 23,778 (59.3) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.731 |
$75,000–$99,999 | 8426 (21.0) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.21) | 0.729 |
≥ $100,000 | 1788 (4.5) | 1.11 (0.75, 1.66) | 0.594 |
County water cover percentage2 | 0.180 | ||
≤ 1% | 5929 (14.8) | Reference | |
1.01–4% | 13,638 (34.0) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.904 |
4.01–15% | 10,483 (26.1) | 1.22 (0.97, 1.53) | 0.086 |
> 15% | 10,068 (25.1) | 1.13 (0.89, 1.43) | 0.334 |