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Table 2 Ultrasonographic measurements of jugular veins, obtained in longitudinal and transverse scans, expressed as the mean ± SD (median; range) in the age sub-category groups. Different lowercase letters (a, b and c) indicate significant differences between groups (P < 0.05)

From: Ultrasonographic assessment of normal jugular veins in Standardbred horses

Scansion

Ultrasound Parameters

Age group

Young (3–7 years old)

Mature (8–14 years old)

Old (>  14 years old)

Longitudinal

Scan

Dorsoventral vein diameter (LDVVD)

1.65 ± 0.16a cm (1.72;1.11–1.85)

1.58 ± 0.27 a cm (1.61;0.96–2.28)

1.58 ± 0.28 a cm (1.59;0.98–2.27)

Superficial wall thickness (SWT)

0.07 ± 0.01a cm (0.08;0.06–0.09)

0.08 ± 0.01b cm (0.08;0.05–0.1)

0.07 ± 0.01a cm (0.07;0.05–0.11)

Deep wall thickness (DWT)

0.08 ± 0.01a cm (0.08;0.06–0.1)

0.08 ± 0.01a cm (0.08-;0.06–0.11)

0.08 ± 0.01a cm (0.08;0.05–0.11)

Transverse scan

Dorsoventral vein diameter (TDVVD)

1.54 ± 0.18 a cm (1.53; 1.2–1.9)

1.59 ± 0.23a cm (1.58;1.01–2.12)

1.56 ± 0.25a cm (1.55;1.08–2.12)

Lateromedial vein diameter (LMVD)

2.02 ± 0.19a cm (2.02;1.55–2.33)

2.10 ± 0.25b cm (2.21;1.43–2.76)

2.29 ± 0.24c cm (2.29;1.86–2.8)

Superficial wall thickness (SWT)

0.07 ± 0.01a cm (0.07;0.05–0.08)

0.07 ± 0.01 a cm (0.07;0.04–0.11)

0.07 ± 0.01a cm (0.07;0.04–0.09)

Deep wall thickness (DWT)

0.08 ± 0.01a cm (0.08;0.05–0.1)

0.08 ± 0.01a cm (0.08;0.05–0.1)

0.07 ± 0.01 a cm (0.07;0.04–0.1)

Vein perimeter (VP)

5.65 ± 0.50a cm (5.67;4.52–6.62)

6.02 ± 0.64b cm (6.09;3.89–7.64)

6.17 ± 0.65b cm (6.25;4.84–7.78)