Fig. 1

Representative fields of chicken neural cells infected with NDV TxGB strain, 12 hpi (MOI = 10). The same field (400×) was captured for each row and DAPI (pseudo-colored blue) is used for nuclear staining in all images. The first column of each row shows the cells stained for the respective cellular marker: a Tuj-1 for neurons (pseudo-colored green), d Olig-2 for oligodendrocytes (pseudo-colored red), and g GFAP for astrocytes (pseudo-colored red). The second column of each row shows the immunoreactivity for NDV in the same filed: b NDV-AP (pseudo-colored red), e NDV-BM (pseudo-colored green), and h NDV-BM (pseudo-colored green). The third column of each row (c, f, and i) shows the merged images from the first and second columns to demonstrate the colocalization of NDV and the respective cellular markers. c Double IFA signal shows cytoplasmic colocalization of the Tuj-1 and NDV fluorescent signals in scattered cells (white arrows). f Double IFA signal shows nuclear (Olig-2) and cytoplasmic (NDV-BM) colocalization of the fluorescent signal in scattered cells (white arrows). i Double IFA signal shows cytoplasmic colocalization of the GFAP and NDV fluorescent signals in scattered cells (white arrows)