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Fig. 7 | BMC Veterinary Research

Fig. 7

From: Canine platelets express functional Toll-like receptor-4: lipopolysaccharide-triggered platelet activation is dependent on adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2 in dogs

Fig. 7

Schematic diagram of LPS-mediated platelet activation and TLR4 expression in canine platelets. ADP activation via P2Y1 or P2Y12 receptor upregulates surface TLR4 expression. TLR4 trafficking to cell membrane from granules may be mediated by alpha-granule secretion. LPS binding protein (LBP) presents LPS to CD14 forming a heterodimeric complex with TLR4 and myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2). Downstream signaling pathway of TLR4 leads to α-granule secretion, which is amplified by ADP and thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Activation of G-protein coupled receptors, P2Y1/P2Y12 and thromboxane receptor (TP), leads to phospholipase C (PLC) activation and, subsequently, 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) for intracellular calcium release and alpha-granule secretion. LPS acts synergistically with ADP to increase generation of TxA2, serving a positive feedback mediator. TLR4 and ADP signaling activates cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), which converts arachidonic acid (AA) to TxA2, likely by the Akt/p38 MAPK pathway

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BMC Veterinary Research

ISSN: 1746-6148

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