Fig. 5

Examination of steps of the DHAV-3 life cycle on which FCS exhibited inhibitory effect. (a) Virus-serum mixtures were used as inoculation and incubated at 4 °C for 1 h to allow viral adsorption to cell surface. b Viral inoculation was performed at 4 °C for 1 h, followed by sera treatment at 37 °C. DHAV-3 inoculated cells were treated with sera at 1 h and 2 h after inoculation and the samples (medium together with cells) (c) and medium (d) were collected for further detection. All samples were collected from three well of 24-well-plates and the viral loads in samples were quantified by qPCR assay. Error bars represent the SD (n = 3). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01