Identification of Escherichia coli from broiler chickens in Jordan, their antimicrobial resistance, gene characterization and the associated risk factors

Ibrahim, Rekaz A.; Cryer, Tillie L.; Lafi, Shawkat Q.; Basha, Ehab-Abu; Good, Liam; Tarazi, Yaser H.

doi:10.1186/s12917-019-1901-1

Table 5 Potential risk factors for the presence of multidrug resistant APEC isolates in broiler farms

From: Identification of Escherichia coli from broiler chickens in Jordan, their antimicrobial resistance, gene characterization and the associated risk factors

Variables (risk factors)	Coding	Description		Resistance status		X² p-value***
Variables (risk factors)	Coding	No*	%	R**	S	X² p-value***
Geographical location of the farm
Plain	0	16	19	9	7	0.977
Mountain	1	53	63.1	31	22
Desert	2	15	17.9	9	6
Poultry house direction^a
South to north	0	57	67.9	22	35	0.00
East to west	1	27	32.1	27	0	0.00
Distance from the high way and noise^a
On the high way	0	40	47.6	31	9	0.001
Far from the high way	1	44	52.4	18	26	0.001
Type of ventilation system
Natural	0	83	98.8	49	34	0.234^b
Mechanical	1	1	1.2	0	1	.417
Number of houses in the farm
One	0	36	42.9	21	15	1.0
Multiple	1	48	57.1	28	20	1.0
Distance in relation to other poultry farms^a
Isolated	0	32	38.1	7	25	0.00
Very close	1	52	61.9	42	10	0.00
Presence of wild birds and rodents in the farm
No	0	1	1.2	0	1	0.234^b
Yes	1	83	98.8	49	34	.417
Application of pest control program
No	0	12	14.3	8	4	0.527
Yes	1	72	85.7	41	31	0.527
Frequency of litre discard
Daily	0	29	34.5	19	10	0.332
Weekly	1	55	65.5	30	25	0.332
Presentation of feed material
Grounded	0	7	8.7	2	5	0.095^b
Pellets	1	77	91.7	47	30	0.122
Water source^a
Municipalities	0	64	76.2	31	33	0.001
Artesian wells	1	20	23.8	18	2	0.001
Water tanks type
Cement	0	10	11.9	6	4	0.909^b
Metallic	1	74	88.1	43	31	1.000
Frequency of water tanks cleaning
Monthly	0	9	10.7	4	5	0.011^b
When needed	1	15	17.9	13	2
Between cycles	2	55	65.5	27	28
Weekly	3	5	6	5	0
Frequency of water tanks disinfecting
Monthly	0	9	10.7	4	5	0.007^b
When needed	1	19	22.6	16	3
Between cycles	2	51	60.7	24	27
Weekly	3	5	6	5	0
Type of disinfectants used
One type	0	58	69	35	23	0.576
Mixed types	1	26	31	14	12	0.576
Disinfect farm entrance for visitors and vehicles
No	0	49	58.3	26	23	0.246
Yes	1	35	41.7	23	12	0.246
Workers wear protective cloth when handling birds^a
No	0	56	77.4	49	16	0.00
Yes	1	19	22.6	0	19	0.00
Restricted entrance against unauthorized traffic^a
No	0	13	15.5	12	1	0.006
Yes	1	71	84.5	37	34	0.006
Number of workers in the farm
One	0	66	78.6	38	28	0.787
More than one	1	18	21.4	11	7	0.787
Use antibiotic for disease prevention^a
No	0	51	60.7	26	25	0.089
Yes	1	33	39.3	23	10	0.089
Use antibiotic as growth promotion^a
No	0	67	79.8	36	31	0.089
Yes	1	17	20.2	13	4	0.089
Get prescription before use antimicrobials^a
No	0	8	9.5	7	1	0.079^b
Yes	1	76	90.5	42	34	0.131
Perform necropsy before prescribing antibiotics
No	0	34	40.5	21	13	0.599
Yes	1	50	59.5	28	22
Information source about antibiotics^a
Veterinarian	0	47	56	24	23	0.021
Drug store	1	5	6	1	4
Other (neighbours,training)	2	32	38.1	24	8
Keep antibiotics in the farm
No	0	2	2.4	0	2	0.090^b
Yes	1	82	97.6	49	33	0.171
Perform antibiotic sensitivity before treatment
No	0	47	56	28	19	0.795
Yes	1	37	44	21	16	0.795
Frequency of antibiotics use during the cycle (~ 6 weeks)
Less than five times	0	24	28.6	15	9	0.624
Five or more times	1	60	71.4	34	26	0.624
Frequency of vet visits to the farm
Once weekly	0	46	54.8	28	18	0.170^b
When needed	1	31	36.9	15	16
Never	2	7	8.3	6	1

* No: number of farms, **R: resistant farms (n = 49), S: sensitive farms (n = 35), ***X² p- value: chi- square value for potential risk factors and resistant status of the farm, ^a: statistically significant at P ≤ 0.25 (two-sided), ^b: fisher exact test was performed instead of X² when variables had expected count less than 5 in one or more cells

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