Comparison of individual, group and environmental sampling strategies to conduct influenza surveillance in pigs

BMC Veterinary Research

Table 5 Odds ratios (OR) of finding a positive result by sample type using a multivariate analysis considering two random effects (farm and litter or pen) and using the pooled nasal swab as baseline

Sample type	N	Positive samples / Total samples (%)	β^a	SE β^b	OR (95% CI)	P value
Nasal swab	90	49/90 (54.4)	0.371	0.702	Reference	–
Nasal wipe	90	51/90 (56.7)	0.199	0.447	1.22 (0.51–2.95)	0.66
Oropharyngeal swab	40	32/ 40 (80)	2.088	0.714	8.07 (2.13–35.7)	0.003
Oral fluid	55	41/55 (74.5)	2.284	0.635	9.81 (3.02–37.3)	< 0.001
Surface wipe	90	62/ 90 (68.9)	1.354	0.478	3.87 (1.55–10.2)	0.004
Udder wipe	40	34/40 (85)	2.803	0.79	16.5 (3.88–89.0)	< 0.001

ISSN: 1746-6148