Fig. 1

ATRA suppresses bovine adipocyte inflammatory responses. a qRT-PCR results showing the relative mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGFβ1 and IL-10) and (b) pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17) in dose-response study. Adipocytes were treated with ATRA at a dose of 0.2, 2 or 20 nM (dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) 48 h. (c) The mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1. IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17. d Supernatant concentrations of TGF-β1. IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17. For all, data were presented as mean ± SEM. The same letter indicates no significant difference (p > 0.05), whereas different letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05)