Fig. 6
From: The unfolded protein response induced by Tembusu virus infection
The UPR is induced by TMUV infection in DF-1 cells. a, Expression of GRP78, GRP94 sXBP1, uXBP1 and ATF4 was determined by real-time RT-PCR. The Y axis represents the fold change of target gene expression in TMUV-infected cells versus that in mock-infected cells. b, Activation of the ATF6 pathway in TMUV-infected DF-1 cells was monitored by a dual luciferase reporter gene assay. DF-1 cells were transfected with pGM-ATF6-Lu or pGM-ERSE-Lu. Firefly luciferase activity was normalized based on Renilla luciferase activity in cells cotransfected with pRL-TK. After 48 h of transfection, the cells were mock infected or infected with TMUV. Cells treated with 1 μM tunicamycin for 12 h or 2.5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) for 7 h were used as a positive control. Cells were collected at the indicated time points and assayed for firefly and Renilla luciferase activities. The values represent the means±SD of results from three independent experiments. The asterisk indicates a statistically significant differences (p<0.05)