Reference | Study | Data source | Population; no. of farms or producers or veterinarians | Nationally representative | Directness of evidence | Information regarding | Study timing / period | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Country | Setting | Goals or focus | dosage | duration | reason for use | |||||
GRADE level: observational study | |||||||||||
[35] | France | government | antibiotic consumption metrics | treatment records (reviewed medication purchases, daily records, forms submitted at slaughter; conducted farmer interviews) | Turkey and chicken broiler flocks (n = 106; 57 turkey & 49 chicken flocks) | Restricted to western France | actual treatment records | yes | yes | limited | one time |
[36] | Denmark | government | antibiotic consumption | treatment records (data collected from pharmacies, veterinarians and feed mills) | all farm animal operations (all prescriptions) | Yes | actual treatment records | yes | yes | yes | annual |
[37] | Belgium | academic | antibiotic consumption | treatment records | Pig herds in Belgium’s densest pig production area | Restricted to key pig production area | actual treatment records | yes | yes | limited | one time |
[38] | Canada | academic | antibiotic use practices | treatment records & producer questionnaires | Beef herds in western Canada (n = 203) | Restricted to western Canada | actual treatment records | yes | yes | yes | one time |
[39] | Germany | academic | antibiotic use practices | treatment & prescription records | Cattle farms in Northrhine-Westfalia (n = 47) | Restricted to one geographic area | actual treatment records | yes | yes | yes | one time |
[40] | Finland | academic | antibiotic use practices | veterinarian questionnaires | Veterinarians in Finland | Yes | response to survey | yes | yes | yes | one time |
[41] | U.S. | academic | antibiotic use and farm management practices on conventional & organic operations | producer questionnaire | Dairy farms in 4 U.S. states (n = 99 conventional and n = 32 organic) | No | response to survey | no | no | yes | one time |
[44] | Vietnam | academic | antibiotic use practices and farm management | producer, veterinarian or technical staff questionnaires | Pig and poultry operations in 3 locations in Vietnam (n = 270) | Restricted to red river delta | response to survey | no | no | limited | one time |
[42] | Vietnam | academic | quantify antibiotic use; identify risk factors for use | producer questionnaire | Chicken farms in Vietnam’s Tien Giang province (n = 208) | Restricted to one province | response to survey | yes | yes | limited | one time |
[43] | U.S. | government | farm management | producer questionnaire | U.S. operationsa | Yes | responses to survey; trained interviewer | no | limited | limited | periodic every 5–7 years |
[45] | U.S. | government | farm financials | producer questionnaire | U.S. operations | Yes | responses to survey; trained interviewer | no | no | no | annual |
GRADE level: other | |||||||||||
[129] | U.S. | government | antibiotic sales & distribution | annual reporting of antibiotic sales by drug sponsors | All U.S. drug sponsors | Yes | Sales data | no | no | limited | annual |