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Table 1 Examples of select studies available for evaluating antimicrobial consumption in animal agriculture

From: Antimicrobial drug use in food-producing animals and associated human health risks: what, and how strong, is the evidence?

Reference

Study

Data source

Population; no. of farms or producers or veterinarians

Nationally representative

Directness of evidence

Information regarding

Study timing / period

 

Country

Setting

Goals or focus

dosage

duration

reason for use

GRADE level: observational study

[35]

France

government

antibiotic consumption metrics

treatment records (reviewed medication purchases, daily records, forms submitted at slaughter; conducted farmer interviews)

Turkey and chicken broiler flocks (n = 106; 57 turkey & 49 chicken flocks)

Restricted to western France

actual treatment records

yes

yes

limited

one time

[36]

Denmark

government

antibiotic consumption

treatment records (data collected from pharmacies, veterinarians and feed mills)

all farm animal operations (all prescriptions)

Yes

actual treatment records

yes

yes

yes

annual

[37]

Belgium

academic

antibiotic consumption

treatment records

Pig herds in Belgium’s densest pig production area

Restricted to key pig production area

actual treatment records

yes

yes

limited

one time

[38]

Canada

academic

antibiotic use practices

treatment records & producer questionnaires

Beef herds in western Canada (n = 203)

Restricted to western Canada

actual treatment records

yes

yes

yes

one time

[39]

Germany

academic

antibiotic use practices

treatment & prescription records

Cattle farms in Northrhine-Westfalia (n = 47)

Restricted to one geographic area

actual treatment records

yes

yes

yes

one time

[40]

Finland

academic

antibiotic use practices

veterinarian questionnaires

Veterinarians in Finland

Yes

response to survey

yes

yes

yes

one time

[41]

U.S.

academic

antibiotic use and farm management practices on conventional & organic operations

producer questionnaire

Dairy farms in 4 U.S. states (n = 99 conventional and n = 32 organic)

No

response to survey

no

no

yes

one time

[44]

Vietnam

academic

antibiotic use practices and farm management

producer, veterinarian or technical staff questionnaires

Pig and poultry operations in 3 locations in Vietnam (n = 270)

Restricted to red river delta

response to survey

no

no

limited

one time

[42]

Vietnam

academic

quantify antibiotic use; identify risk factors for use

producer questionnaire

Chicken farms in Vietnam’s Tien Giang province (n = 208)

Restricted to one province

response to survey

yes

yes

limited

one time

[43]

U.S.

government

farm management

producer questionnaire

U.S. operationsa

Yes

responses to survey; trained interviewer

no

limited

limited

periodic every 5–7 years

[45]

U.S.

government

farm financials

producer questionnaire

U.S. operations

Yes

responses to survey; trained interviewer

no

no

no

annual

GRADE level: other

[129]

U.S.

government

antibiotic sales & distribution

annual reporting of antibiotic sales by drug sponsors

All U.S. drug sponsors

Yes

Sales data

no

no

limited

annual

  1. aSurvey specific to species and production class (e.g., cow-calf, feedlot); conducted on rotational basis; approximately every 5–7 years