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Table 1 Trends in antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus from samples tested at the University of Pretoria bacteriology laboratory, 2007–2012

From: Patterns and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. from canine clinical cases presented at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa

Group

Antimicrobials

Resistance to antimicrobial agents by year

a P-values of CAT Test

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

β-lactams

Penicillin

75.0 (6/8)

80.0 (12/15)

63.6 (7/11)

50.0 (5/10)

50.0 (3/6)

50.0 (3/6)

0.089

Ampicillin

75.0 (6/8)

80.0 (12/15)

63.6 (7/11)

60.0 (6/10)

50.0 (3/6)

50.0 (3/6)

0.124

Cephalothin

25.0 (2/8)

6.7 (1/15)

9.1 (1/11)

10.0 (1/10)

0.0 (0/6)

0.0 (0/6)

0.181

Aminoglycosides

Amikacin

0.0 (0/8)

20.0 (3/15)

9.1 (1/11)

0.0 (0/10)

0.0 (0/6)

0.0 (0/6)

0.258

Gentamicin

12.5 (1/8)

20.0 (3/15)

9.1 (1/11)

0.0 (0/10)

0.0 (0/6)

0.0 (0/6)

0.098

Kanamycin

25.0 (2/8)

26.7 (4/15)

9.1 (1/11)

0.0 (0/10)

0.0 (0/6)

0.0 (0/6)

0.017

Tetracyclines

Doxycycline

37.5 (3/8)

26.7 (4/15)

36.4 (4/11)

20.0 (2/10)

0.0 (0/6)

0.0 (0/6)

0.041

Fluoroquinolones

Enrofloxacin

0.0 (0/8)

6.7 (1/15)

0.0 (0/11)

0.0 (0/10)

16.7 (1/6)

50.0 (3/6)

0.005

Orbifloxacin

12.5 (1/8)

20.0 (3/15)

9.1 (1/11)

0.0 (0/10)

16.7 (1/6)

33.3 (2/6)

0.718

Potentiated-sulfas

Co-trimoxazoleb

37.5 (3/8)

33.3 (5/15)

27.3 (3/11)

10.0 (1/10)

0.0 (0/6)

16.7 (1/6)

0.067

Amphenicols

Chloramphenicol

33.3 (1/3)

20.0 (3/15)

9.1 (1/11)

10.0 (1/10)

40.0 (2/5)

33.3 (2/6)

0.552

Macrolides

Tylosin

37.5 (3/8)

33.3 (5/15)

0.0 (0/11)

10.0 (1/10)

0.0 (0/6)

0.0 (0/6)

0.008

Aminoglycoside-lincosamides

Lincospectinc

37.5 (3/8)

80.0 (12/15)

54.6 (6/11)

70.0 (7/10)

50.0 (3/6)

83.3 (5/6)

0.478

Lincosamides

Clindamycin

50.0 (4/8)

60.0 (9/15)

45.5 (5/11)

60.0 (6/10)

50.0 (3/6)

33.3 (2/6)

0.552

Others

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid

37.5 (3/8)

33.3 (5/15)

9.1 (1/11)

0.0 (0/10)

0.0 (0/6)

16.7 (1/6)

0.032

  1. a P-values of CAT Test= P-value of Cochran-Armitage trend test
  2. bCo-trimoxazole = Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole
  3. cLincospectin = Espectinomycine-lincomycine