From: Vasoproliferative process resembling pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis in a cat
1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension | |
---|---|
1.1 | Idiopathic PAH (NR) |
1.2 | Heritable PAH (NR) |
1.3 | Drug and toxin induced (NR) |
1.4 | Associated with: |
1.4.1 | Connective tissue disease (NR) |
1.4.2 | Immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection (NR) |
1.4.3 | Portal hypertension (NR) |
1.4.4 | Congenital heart diseases: Patent ductus arteriosus [16–18]; Atrial septal defect [19]; Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection [20];Double-outlet right atrium [37];Ventricular septal defect [38] |
1.4.5 | Schistosomiasis (NR) |
1’ Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and/or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis | |
Current report | |
1” Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (NR) | |
2. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease | |
2.1 | Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (NR) |
2.2 | Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (NR) |
2.3 | Valvular disease (NR) |
2.4 | Congenital/acquired left heart inflow/outflow tract obstruction and congenital cardiomyopathies: Supra valvular mitral stenosis [21–23]; Cor triatriatum [24–28] |
3. Pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia | |
3.1 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Nasopharyngeal polyp induced hypoxia [30] | |
3.2 | Interstitial lung disease |
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis [29] | |
3.3 | Other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern (NR) |
3.4 | Sleep-disordered breathing (NR) |
3.5 | Alveolar hypoventilation disorders (NR) |
3.6 | Chronic exposure to high altitude (NR) |
3.7 | Developmental lung diseases (NR) |
4. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension | |
5. Pulmonary hypertension with unclear multifactorial mechanisms | |
5.1 | Hematologic disorders: chronic hemolytic anemia (NR), myeloproliferative disorders (NR), splenectomy (NR) |
5.2 | Systemic disorders: sarcoidosis (NR), pulmonary histiocytosis (NR), lymphangiomyomatosis (NR) |
5.3 | Metabolic disorders: glycogen storage disease (NR), Gaucher disease (NR), thyroid disorders (NR) |
5.4 | Others: tumoral obstruction (NR), fibrosing mediastinitis (NR), chronic renal failure (NR), segmental PH (NR) |
5.4.1 (proposed in cats) | Dirofilaria immitis [34, 35]; Aelurostrongylus abstrusus [36] |