Has intravenous lidocaine improved the outcome in horses following surgical management of small intestinal lesions in a UK hospital population?

Table 2 Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model of variables associated with reduced likelihood of survival

Variable	Coefficient	Standard error	Hazard ratio	95 % CI of the hazard ratio	p value
Packed cell volume on admission (%)	0.032	0.014	1.033	1.004–1.06	0.024
Heart rate on admission (beats/min) “the linear effect”	0.014	0.005	1.014	1.004–1.024	0.008
Duration of surgery (min)	0.0066	0.0025	1.007	1.002–1.01	0.008
Epiploic foramen entrapment	Ref
No	−0.66	0.77	0.52	0.1–1.35	0.39
Yes	−0.66	0.77	0.52	0.1–1.35	0.39
Surgery duration × EFE	0.013	0.006	1.013	1.002–1.03	0.027

The data are from 318 horses that survived following laparotomy for treatment of small intestinal lesions; only 302 horses were included in the model due to missing data for some variables. The model is adjusted for the non-linear relationship between heart rate on admission and probability of survival. CI confidence interval, Re reference category

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