|
Germany
|
|
1
|
Up to 10.8 %, mean 4.3 % of cows and heifers
|
NS
|
Lücker et al. [6]
|
|
2
|
4.9 %
|
Mostly in 5th month; 38 % and 62 % in 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively
|
Di Nicolo [5]
|
|
3
|
Up to 15 %, mean 9.6 %, median 7.1 % of cows and heifers
|
90 % in 2nd or 3rd trimester
|
Riehn et al. [3, 4]
|
|
4
|
0.2 % and 1.2 %
|
NS
|
Marahrens and Schwarzlose [7] referring to results of the National Association of Meat Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Consumer Protection
|
|
5
|
3.5 %
|
56 % in 2nd or 3rd trimester, 0.8 % in the 3rd trimester
|
German Government [9] referring the German Association of the Meat Industry
|
|
Other countries
|
|
6
|
approximately 5 % (USA)
|
NS
|
Kushinsky [12]
|
|
7
|
NS
|
13.1 % in 1st, 62.6 % in 2nd and 24.3 % in 3rd trimester (Canada)
|
Herenda [13]
|
|
8
|
8.6 % (Pakistan)
|
NS
|
Khan and Khan [14]
|
|
9
|
23.5 % (Great Britain)
|
26.9 % in 3rd trimester (Great Britain)
|
Singleton and Dobson [15]
|
|
10
|
5.3 % (Luxembourg), 10.1 % (Belgium), 4.5 % (Italy)
|
In 3rd trimester: 36 % (Luxembourg), 15 % (Italy)
|
Di Nicolo [5]
|
|
11
|
1.5–2.1 % (Nigeria)
|
NS
|
Ademola [16]
|
