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Table 5 Assessmenta of medicinal plants based on peer-reviewed referencesb of the last 20 years aiming the modulation of the immune system and inflammation

From: Medicinal plants – prophylactic and therapeutic options for gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in calves and piglets? A systematic review

Plant species

Number of references

Type of reference

Immunostimulant

Antiinflammatory

Analgesic

Hypothesis proved

   

+

?

o

+

?

o

+

?

o

+

?

o

Achillea millefolium L.

2

in vitro

   

21

        

2

in vivo + clinical

  

12

  

13

  

14

   

Agrimonia eupatoria L.

0

in vitro

            

1

in vivo + clinical

   

15

        

Allium sativum L.

4

in vitro

16

17

 

28

        

5

in vivo + clinical

59

  

110

        

Camellia sinensis (L). KUNTZE

14

in vitro

311

  

1212

        

5

in vivo + clinical

213

  

214

  

115

     

Cetraria islandica (L.) ACH.

2

in vitro

216

           

1

in vivo + clinical

   

117

        

Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH

23

in vitro

1618

119

 

620

        

13

in vivo + clinical

921

 

222

      

123

 

124

Foeniculum vulgare (L.) MILL.

1

in vitro

   

125

        

3

in vivo + clinical

   

126

  

327

     

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

6

in vitro

428

  

229

        

4

in vivo + clinical

330

  

131

  

132

     

Linum usita-tissimum L.

1

in vitro

   

133

        

3

in vivo + clinical

 

134

 

235

  

136

     

Malva sylvestris L.

1

in vitro

   

137

        

3

in vivo + clinical

138

  

239

  

140

     

Matricaria recutita L.

5

in vitro

 

141

 

442

        

5

in vivo + clinical

143

 

144

245

  

246

     

Mentha x piperita L.

0

in vitro

            

1

in vivo + clinical

      

147

     

Origanum vulgare L.

1

in vitro

   

148

        

6

in vivo + clinical

249

     

350

   

151

 

Pimpinella anisum L.

1

in vitro

   

152

        

2

in vivo + clinical

153

154

          

Plantago lanceolata L.

3

in vitro

   

355

        

0

in vivo + clinical

            

Potentilla erecta (L.) RAEUSCH.

1

in vitro

   

156

        

0

in vivo + clinical

            

Rubus fruticosus L.

4

in vitro

   

457

        

0

in vivo + clinical

            

Rumex ssp. L.

1

in vitro

   

158

        

3

in vivo + clinical

   

259

  

260

     

Salix ssp. L.

4

in vitro

   

461

        

1

in vivo + clinical

   

162

        

Salvia officinalis L.

0

in vitro

            

7

in vivo + clinical

163

164

165

466

  

267

     

Sambucus nigra L.

2

in vitro

168

  

169

        

1

in vivo + clinical

  

170

         

Thymus vulgaris L.

5

in vitro

   

571

        

4

in vivo + clinical

 

172

173

   

274

     

Tussilago farfara L.

1

in vitro

   

175

        

0

in vivo + clinical

            

Urtica dioica L.

4

In vitro

276

  

277

        

4

in vivo + clinical

378

  

179

  

180

     

Vaccinium myrtillus L.

1

In vitro

   

181

        

2

in vivo + clinical

182

  

283

        

Sum of plant species for each effect

in vitro

6

3

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

in vivo + clinical

9

4

6

13

0

1

12

0

1

1

1

1

Sum of assessments

in vitro

29

3

0

56

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

in vivo + clinical

24

4

7

20

0

1

20

0

1

1

1

1

  1. aAssessment = conclusion of a reference on a hypothesized effect; breference = trial x plant species x indication; + = reference proves evidently the hypothesized effect; ? = reference shows uncertain hypothesized effect; o = reference does not prove evidently the hypothesized effect
  2. 1[328, 329] 2[330] 3[331] 4[331] 5[332] 6[333] 7[334] 8[78, 80] 9[65, 67, 68, 79, 335] 10[79] 11[133, 336, 337] 12[336, 338–348] 13[134, 349] 14[131, 350] 15[351] 16[352, 353] 17[354] 18[99, 100, 355–368] 19[369] 20[102, 370–374] 21[93, 97, 98, 375–380] 22[381, 382] 23[383] 24[384] 25[385] 26[386] 27[386–388] 28[144, 334, 389, 390] 29[391, 392] 30[138, 380, 393] 31[394] 32[394] 33[395] 34[396] 35[397, 398] 36[397] 37[399] 38[400] 39[401, 402] 40[401] 41[403] 42[404–407] 43[408] 44[409] 45[410, 411] 46[410, 412] 47[413] 48[414] 49[415, 416] 50[417–419] 51[420] 52[421] 53[422] 54[423] 55[392, 424, 425] 56[426] 57[427–430] 58[431] 59[432, 433] 60[432, 434] 61[426, 435–437] 62[438] 63[439] 64[440] 65[441] 66[442–445] 67[442, 443] 68[446] 69[430] 70[447] 71[436, 448–450] 72[451] 73[451] 74[417, 452] 75[453] 76[454, 455] 77[456, 457] 78[138, 458, 459] 79[460] 80[460] 81[344] 82[461] 83[461, 462]
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BMC Veterinary Research

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