Studies | AED | No of dogs | Prevalence | 95 % CI affected cases | Doses of AEDs | Serum levels of AEDs | Treatment period | Body system affected and adverse effects | Most common adverse effects | Adverse effect type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Govendir et al. 2005 | Gaba as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr | 17 | 76.5 % | 56.3 %–96.6 % | Gaba: median, 35; range, 32–40 mg/kg PO SID. PHB: median, 8; range, 6–26 mg/kg PO SID. PBr: median, 24; range, 14–56 mg/kg PO SID. | Gabapentin: NA PHB and PBr: within normal reference values | 4 m | Neurological (sedation, ataxia), GI (PP, pancreatitis, chronic hepatoxicity), ClinPath (increased ALP, triglycerides), PU, PD | ataxia, sedation | I |
Platt et al. 2006 | Gaba as an adjunct to PHB and PBr | 11 | 54.5 % | 25.1 %–83.9 % | mean, 10.9; range, 9.3–13.6 mg/kg PO TID | median, 6.8; mean, 8.4; range, 2.2–20.7 mg/l | 3 m | Neurological (ataxia, sedation) | ataxia, sedation | I |
Dewey et al. 2009 | Pregabalin as an adjunct to PHB and PBr | 11 | 91 % | 74.1 %–107.9 % | Pregabalin: 2 mg/kg PO TID. The dose was increased by 1 mg/kg PO TID each w until 3 or 4 mg/kg PO TID. PHB and PBr: NA but were within normal reference values | Pregabalin: median, 7.3; mean, 6.4; range 2–11 μg/ml PHB: median, 27.1; mean, 27.7; range 19.8–40 μg/ml PBr: median, 1,6; mean, 1.9; range, 0.2–2.81 mg/ml | 3 m | Neurological (ataxia, sedation), ClinPath (increased ALP, ALT) PU, PD, PP were also recorded but were associated to the combination therapy with PHB and PBr | ataxia, sedation | I |
Ruehlmann et al. 2001 | Felbamate as an adjunct to PHB | 6 | 33.3 % | −4.4 %–71.0 % | Felbamate: median, 63 (initial dose) and 77 (final dose); range, 62–220 mg/kg PO SID. PHB: 3.75 mg/kg PO BID (discontinued 2 m after felbamate initiation) | median, 35; mean, 13–55 mg/l | median, 9 m | Haematological (leucopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia), keratoconjunctivitis sicca | leucopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia | I |
McGee et al. 1998 | Felbamate | NA | NA | NA | Sub-chronic group: 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg PO SID Chronic group: 100 and 300 mg/kg PO SID | range, 16.5–79 μg/ml | Sub-chronic group: 3 m chronic group: 12 m | Sub-chronic group: Neurological (ataxia, sedation, tremors), GI (vomiting, salivation), ClinPath (increased ALT) Chronic group: Neurological (ataxia, limb rigidity, tremors), GI (vomiting, salivation), ClinPath (increased ALT, ALP) | Sub-chronic group: ataxia, sedation, tremors, vomiting, salivation, increased ALT. Chronic group: ataxia, limb rigidity, convulsions, vomiting, salivation, increased ALT, ALP. | I |
Dayrell-Hart et al. 1996 | Felbamate as an adjunct to PHB and PBr | 16 | 25 % | 3.8 %–46.2 % | NA | NA | NA | GI (chronic hepatotoxicity) | chronic hepatotoxicity | I |
Bunch et al. 1985 | Phenytoin (monotherapy or as an adjunct to Prim) | Monotherapy: 8 Adjunctive therapy: 8 | Monotherapy: 0 % Adjunctive therapy: 37 % | Monotherapy: 0 % Adjunct therapy:−1 %–16.7 % | NA | NA | NA | Monotherapy: None Adjunctive therapy: GI (anorexia, emaciation), ClinPath (increased ALP, ALT, bilirubin, bile acids, γ-GT, decreased albumin) These dogs were eventually euthanised. | Monotherapy: NA Adjunctive therapy: anorexia, increased ALP, ALT, bilirubin, bile acids, γ-GT, decreased albumin | I |
Bunch et al. 1984 | Phenytoin (monotherapy or as an adjunct to other AED(s)) | Monotherapy: 7 Adjunctive therapy: 19 | NA | ΝΑ | Phenytoin: mean, 21+/− 11 mg/kg PO SID Prim: mean, 33+/−19 mg/kg PO SID. Other AEDs: NA | NA | range, 6–120 m | GI (chronic hepatoxicity), ClinPath (increased ALP, ALT, AST, bile acids) | Chronic hepatoxicity, increased ALP, ALT, AST, bile acids | I |
Meyer and Noonan 1981 | Phenytoin | 6 | 100 % | 100 % | 13–19 mg/kg PO TID | NA | 3 m | ClinPath (increased ALP, ALT) | increased ALP and ALT | I |
Sturtevant et al. 1977 | Phenytoin | 2 | 100 % | 100 % | 22 mg/kg PO TID | NA | 1 m | ClinPath (increased ALP, ALT) | increased ALP and ALT | I |
Bunch et al. 1982 | Phenytoin as an adjunct to Prim | 3 | NA | NA | Case 1: Prim: 250 mg PO BID; Phenytoin: NA. Case 2: Prim: 750 mg PO BID Phenytoin: 100–233 mg PO TID Case 3: Prim: NA PHB: 150 mg PO SID Phenytoin: 750 mg PO SID 1000 mg PO SID | NA | Case 1: 48 m. Case 2: 30 m Case 3: 36 m | GI (chronic hepatoxicity) | chronic hepatoxicity | I |
Weiss et al. 2002 | Phenytoin | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Blood dyscrasias (myelofibrosis) | NA | II |
Bunch et al. 1987 | Phenytoin as an adjunct to PHB and/or Prim | 3 | NA | NA | Case 1: Phenytoin: 5 mg/kg PO BID, then increased up to 15 mg/kg PO TID. PHB: 0.8 mg/kg PO BID, then increased up to 13 mg/kg PO BID Case 2: Phenytoin: 7.5 mg/kg PO BID, then increased up to 15 mg/kg PO TID. PHB: 1.1 mg/kg PO BID, then increased up to 4.5 mg/kg PO TID. Prim: 18.5 mg/kg PO TID Case 3: Phenytoin: 5 mg/kg PO SID, then increased up to 21 mg/kg PO BID. PHB: 3 mg/kg PO BID. Prim: 13 mg/kg PO SID, then increased up to 26 mg/kg PO BID | Case 1: NA Case 2: NA Case 3: NA | Case 1: 27 months Case 2: 15 months Case 3: 8 months | GI (hepatotoxicity) | NA | II |
Nash et al. 1977 | Phenytoin | 1 | NA | NA | 100 mg in total | NA | 1 d | Idiosyncrasic hepatitis | NA | II |
Bunch et al. 1990 | Phenytoin | 8 | 0 % | 0 % | 40 mg/kg PO TID | NA | 13.5 m | No adverse effects | NA | NA |
Nafe 1981 | Valproate (monotherapy or as an adjunct to PHB and/or Prim and/or phenytoin) | Monotherapy: NA Adjunctive therapy: 57 | Monotherapy: NA Adjunctive therapy: 2 % | Monotherapy: NA Adjunctive therapy:−1.7 %–5.1 % | Sodium Valproate: Monotherapy: 200 mg/kg. Adjunctive therapy: range, 25–40 mg/kg PO SID. PHB, Prim and Phenytoin: NA. | NA | mean, 4.9; range, 1–8 m | Neurological (ataxia, sedation), dermatological (alopecia), GI (vomiting) | Sedation, alopecia | I |
Kiviranta et al. 2013 | TPM | 10 | NA | NA | TPM: Initially 2 mg/kg PO BID for 0.5 m, then 5 mg/kg PO BID for 2 m, and then 10 mg/kg PO BID for 2 m and then 10 PO TID for 2 m. PHB, PBr and LEV: NA but were within normal reference values | NA | 2–6 m | Neurological (sedation, ataxia), ClinPath (increased ALP, ALT), weight lose | sedation, ataxia, increased ALP, ALT | I |