Table 4 Details of number of dogs, 95 % CI affected cases, AED doses and serum levels, treatment period and adverse effects
Studies | AED | No of Dogs | Prevalence | 95 % CI affected case | Doses of AEDs | Serum levels of AEDs | Treatment period | Body system affected and adverse effects | Most common adverse effects | Adverse effect type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volk et al. 2008 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr | 14 | 7.14 % | −6.3 %−20.6 % | LEV: 10 mg/kg for 2 m, 20 mg/kg for further 2 m, 10–20 mg/kg until 6 m and then 10–20 mg/kg long-term PO TID PHB and PBr: NA but were within normal reference values | PHB: 35.5+/−6.3 μg/ml, PBr:1.7+/−0.4 mg/ml, (prior LEV initiation and 2 m after initiation). | ≥2–6 m | Neurological (sedation) | sedation | I |
Volk et al. 2008 (case series) | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr and/or gaba and/or TPM | 8 | 25 % | −2.6 %–18.6 % | LEV: 30–32 mg/kg PO TID TID PHB and PBr: NA but were within normal reference values | NA | Approximately 2–3 m | Neurological (sedation) | sedation | I |
Muñana et al. 2012 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr and/or gaba and/or zonisamide | 28 | 57 % | 38.7 %–75.3 % | LEV: median, 20.6; range, 17–23.1 PO TID PHB: median, 7.2; range, 3.8–17.2 mg/kg PO SID. PBr: median, 34.0; range, 13.6–84.2 mg/kg PO SID | LEV: range, <2-50.8 μg/mL. PHB: mean, 28.13; range, 15.77–36.40 μg/mL PBr: mean, 186.20; range, 71.18–390 mg/dL | 9 m (during the 5th m no AED was administered) | Neurological (ataxia, hyperactivity), GI: (anorexia, vomiting) | ataxia | I |
Steinberg 2004 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and PBr | 15 | 0 % | 0 % | LEV: range, 7.1–23.8 mg/kg PO TID PB and PBr: NA | PHB: mean, 32.1+/−14.4 μg/ml. LEV: NA PBr: 2.2+/−0.7 mg/dl | median, 38; range, 13.8–95.5 m | No adverse effects attributed to LEV | NA | I |
Packer et al. 2015 | LEV as an adjunct to PHB and PBr | 52 | 46 % | 32.5 %–59.6 % | Maintenance group: mean, 19.5; range, 9–26 mg/kg PO TID. Pulse group: Initial dose at 60 mg/kg followed by 20 mg/kg PO TID | NA | Maintenance group: mean, 1.4; range, 0.3–7.5 y Pulse group: mean, 0.8; range, 0.3–3.4 y | Neurological (ataxia, sedation, aggression, hyperactivity), GI (PP, vomiting, diarrhoea), PD (Three times more often in the pulse group) | ataxia, sedation | I |
Fredso et al. 2015 | LEV | 6 | 84 % | 53.8 %–113.2 % | median, 31; mean, 30.4; range, 27.6–51.5 PO TID | median, 114; mean, 93; range, 18–137 μmol/L | 2–12 m | Neurological (ataxia, sedation, hyperactivity, disobedience, attention seeking), GI (PP, anorexia, vomiting), PU, PD | PP | I |
Moore et al. 2010 | LEV | 6 | 16.6 % | –13.2 %–46.4 % | At day one, a single dose was administered: mean, 21.7; range, 20.8–22.7 mg/kg PO. Then: range, 20.8–22.7 mg/kg PO TID for 6 d | 289.31+/−51.68 μg/mL | 0.25 m | GI (vomiting) (only one episode at the first d) | NA | I |