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Table 4 Seasonal changes in serum metabolites for subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) presented as 95 % confidence interval

From: Seasonal variation in haematological and biochemical variables in free-ranging subadult brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden

Variablea

Unit

λb

2.5 - 97.5 intervalc

Sex d

Seasone

n

Range

p-valuef

β-HBA

mmol/L

0.2

0.0–1.2

F + M

W

15

0.5–1.4

<0.0001

Sp

27

0.0–0.8

Su

18

0.0–0.2

Bile acids

μmol/L

−1

4–52

F + M

W

15

4–9

<0.0001

Sp + Su

45

6–36

Bilirubin (total)

μmol/L

0.2

0–4

F + M

W + Sp

42

0–4

0.0131

Su

18

0–2

Cholesterol

mmol/L

1

4.3–12.6

F + M

W

15

8.7–12.8

<0.0001

Sp + Su

45

4.0–11.4

Creatinine

μmol/L

0.2

72–303

F + M

W

15

166–322

<0.0001

Sp

27

105–196

Su

18

52–152

FFA

mmol/L

0.4

0.1–1.1

F + M

W + Sp

42

0.2–1.2

<0.0001

Su

18

0.1–0.8

Glucose

mmol/L

0.8

2.6–10.6

F + M

W + Sp

42

4.0–10.2

0.0003

Su

18

1.9–9.2

Triglycerides

mmol/L

0.4

1.8–7.2

F + M

W

15

3.4–7.8

<0.0001

Sp

27

2.1–5.3

Su

18

1.7–4.1

Urea

mmol/L

0

0.5–26.3

F + M

W

15

1.0–12.1

<0.0001

Sp

27

0.3–9.5

Su

18

0.6–32.4g

Uric acid

μmol/L

−0.6

48–270

F + M

W

15

42–146

<0.0001

Sp + Su

45

68–215

  1. aβ-HBA = β-hydroxybutyrate; FFA = free fatty acids
  2. bλ = the transformation value from the Box-Cox transformation
  3. c2.5 and 97.5 percentiles on untransformed data
  4. dF = female; M = male
  5. eW = winter (February-March); Sp = spring (April-May); Su = summer (June)
  6. f p-values are given for significantly different seasons groups
  7. gNon-estimable 95 % confidence interval, the range is given as lowest-highest measured value