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Table 1 Degree of lameness of horses (n = 6) submitted to the experimental synovitis model and treated with 0.25 mg/kg + 0.25 mg/kg/h methadone (Me), 0.15 mg/kg + 0.1 mg/kg/h morphine (Mo), 25 μg/kg + 25 μg/kg/h butorphanol (B), and 1.5 mg/kg + 1 mg/kg/h tramadol (T)

From: Physiological and analgesic effects of continuous-rate infusion of morphine, butorphanol, tramadol or methadone in horses with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced carpal synovitis

  

Time (hours)

     

Continuous rate infusion

       
  

0

1.5

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

12

14

24

Lameness score

Me

0 (0–0)

1.5 (0.5-2)*

4 (3.5-4)

3.5 (3–4)

2 (2–2.5)a

1 (1–1.5)*a

1.5 (0.5-2)*a

1.5 (1–2)*

1 (1–1.5)*

1 (1–1.5)*

1.5 (1–2)*

1 (1–1.5)*

0 (0–0)*

Mo

0 (0–0)

3 (2–3)

4 (4–4)

4 (3.5-4)

3 (3–4)ab

2 (2–3)*a

2.5 (2–3)*a

2 (2–3)*

2 (2–3)*

2 (2–2.7)*

2 (1.2-2.7)*

2 (1.2-2.7)*

0 (0–1)*

B

0 (0–0)

2 (2–3)*

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)ab

4 (4–4)b

3 (2.5-3)a

2 (1.5-3)*

2 (1–3)*

2 (1–3)*

1.5 (0–2.2)*

1.5 (0–2)*

0 (0–0)*

T

0 (0–0)

3 (2.7-3)

4 (3–4)

4 (3.7-4)

4 (3–4)b

4 (3–4)b

3.5 (3–4)b

--

--

--

--

--

0 (0–0)*

Trial

0 (0–0)

3 (3–3)

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

4 (4–4)

3.5 (3–4)

4 (4–4)

3 (3–3)

3 (3–3)

1.5 (1–2)

  1. The pilot study was conducted with 2 horses that received no opioid treatment (Trial). Values reflect the median and interquartile range.
  2. Continuous rate infusion was performed between 3 and 6 hours (grey).
  3. *Difference relative to 3-hour baseline.
  4. Within a time point, values with different letters differ significantly.