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Table 3 Enzyme reference intervals for brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) presented as 95% confidence interval 1

From: Haematological and biochemical reference intervals for free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Sweden

Variablea

Unit

n

λb

2.5 - 97.5 intervald

Sexc

Age groupe

Reference interval

p-valuef

AST

U/L

88

−1.2

45-215

F

YA

56-168

0.0034AxS

 

S

46-114

 

M

YSA

46-114

ALT

U/L

88

−1

11-47

B

YSA

12-41

 

AP

U/L

88

0.2

15-166

B

Y

65-185

<0.0001A

S

31-101

A

10-92

GGT

U/L

88

0.2

3-91

B

YS

3-51

0.0126A

A

5-82

GD

U/L

88

−0.8

2-18

B

YS

3-8

0.0003A

A

3-16

CK

U/L

88

−0.4

53-690

B

Y

81-631

<0.0001A

SA

44-419

Amylase

U/L

88

0

22-192

B

YSA

24-143

 

Lipase

U/L

88

−0.4

14-247

F

YA

16-NE*

0.0063A, <0.0001S

S

10-NE*

 

M

YA

11-159

S

9-58

LD

U/L

88

0.2

434-1066

F

Y

587-1060

0.0184AxS

SA

421-875

M

YS

587-1060

A

421-875

  1. 1: Presented stratified by age group, sex or presented overall, depending on if a difference between groups was detected. a: AST=aspartate aminotransferase; ALT=alanine transaminase; AP=alkaline phosphatase; GGT=γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; GD=glutamate dehydrogenase; CK=creatinine kinase; LD=lactate dehydrogenase; A:G=albumin:globulin ratio. b: λ=the transformation value from the Box-Cox transformation. c: 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles on untransformed data. d: B=both female and male; F=female; M=male. e: Y=yearling; S=subadult; A=adult. f : p-values are given for significantly different groups: A=p-value for age, S=p-value for sex and AxS=p-value for age-sex interaction. *NE: Non-estimable because estimates were above the range of the transformation.