Table 1 Association of Beclin-1 expression pattern and clinicopathologic variables in 70 cases of malignant CMTs
From: Expression of autophagy-related protein beclin-1 in malignant canine mammary tumors
Beclin-1 cytoplasmic expression | p value | Beclin-1 nuclear expression | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | No. of cases | Low | High | Low | High | ||
Agea | |||||||
 ≦ 11 years | 36 | 15 (38.5%) | 21 (70.0%) | 0.009* | 10 (37.0%) | 26 (61.9%) | 0.044* |
 > 11 years | 33 | 24 (61.5%) | 9 (30.0%) | 17 (63.0%) | 16 (38.1%) | ||
Location of affected gland | |||||||
 Cranial gland | 24 | 14 (35.0%) | 10 (33.3%) | 0.953 | 9 (32.1%) | 15 (35.7%) | 0.890 |
 Caudal gland | 42 | 24 (60.0%) | 18 (60.0%) | 17 (60.7%) | 25 (59.5%) | ||
 Both | 4 | 2 (5.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 2 (7.1%) | 2 (4.8%) | ||
Tumor size | |||||||
 ≦ 3 cm | 27 | 13 (32.5%) | 14 (46.7%) | 0.228 | 9 (32.1%) | 18 (42.9%) | 0.367 |
 > 3 cm | 43 | 27 (67.5%) | 16 (53.3%) | 19 (67.9%) | 24 (57.1%) | ||
Histologic classification | |||||||
 Simple carcinoma | 54 | 30 (75.0%) | 24 (80.0%) | 0.877 | 23 (82.1%) | 31 (73.8%) | 0.640 |
 Complex carcinoma | 11 | 7 (17.5%) | 4 (13.3%) | 3 (10.7%) | 8 (19.0%) | ||
 Sarcoma | 5 | 3 (7.5%) | 2 (6.7%) | 2 (7.1%) | 3 (7.1%) | ||
Tubular formation | |||||||
 > 10% of the tumor | 45 | 19 (47.5%) | 26 (86.7%) | 0.001* | 14 (50.0%) | 31 (73.8%) | 0.042* |
 ≦ 10% of the tumor | 25 | 21 (52.5%) | 4 (13.3%) | 14 (60.0%) | 11 (26.2%) | ||
Nuclear pleomorphism | |||||||
 Mild to moderate | 46 | 17 (42.5%) | 19 (63.3%) | 0.084 | 12 (42.9%) | 24 (57.1%) | 0.241 |
 Marked | 34 | 23 (57.5%) | 11 (36.7%) | 16 (57.1%) | 18 (42.9%) | ||
Mitotic count | |||||||
 ≦10/10 HPFs | 52 | 25 (62.5%) | 27 (90.0%) | 0.009* | 18 (64.3%) | 34 (81.0%) | 0.118 |
 >10/10 HPFs | 18 | 15 (37.5%) | 3 (10%) | 10 (35.7%) | 8 (19.0%) | ||
Histologic grade | |||||||
 Grades 1 and 2 | 56 | 27 (67.5%) | 29 (96.7%) | 0.003* | 18 (64.3%) | 38 (90.5%) | 0.007* |
 Grade 3 | 14 | 13 (32.5%) | 1 (3.3%) | 10 (35.7%) | 4 (9.5%) | ||
Lymphovascular invasion | |||||||
 Absent | 51 | 26 (65.0%) | 25 (83.3%) | 0.088 | 19 (67.9%) | 32 (76.2%) | 0.442 |
 Present | 19 | 14 (35.0%) | 5 (16.7%) | 9 (32.1%) | 10 (23.8%) | ||
Necrosis | |||||||
 Limited/no necrosis | 41 | 17 (42.5%) | 24 (80%) | 0.002* | 12 (42.9%) | 29 (69.0%) | 0.029* |
 Extensive necrosis | 29 | 23 (57.5%) | 6 (20%) | 16 (57.1%) | 13 (31.0%) | ||
Estrogen receptor | |||||||
 Negative | 25 | 16 (40%) | 9 (30%) | 0.388 | 9 (32.1%) | 16 (38.1%) | 0.611 |
 Positive | 45 | 24 (60%) | 21 (70%) | 19 (67.9%) | 26 (61.9%) | ||
Her2 overexpression | |||||||
 Negative | 51 | 29 (72.5%) | 22 (73.3%) | 0.938 | 24 (85.7%) | 27 (64.3%) | 0.048* |
 Positive | 19 | 11 (27.5%) | 8 (26.7%) | 4 (14.3%) | 15 (35.7%) | ||