Figure 1

Map of Western Kenya showing the 4 agro-ecological zones and the 20 study sub-locations (in red). The study area shown comprised sub-locations falling within a 45 km radius from Busia town on the Kenyan side, where the IDEAL project lab was located. The 4 agro-ecological zones are low midland 1 (LM1), low midland 2 (LM2), lower midland 3 (LM3) and upper midland 3 (UM3).