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Table 2 Univariable associations in Australian Cattle Dogs for congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness (CHSD) from multilevel logistic models and animal models

From: Prevalence of congenital hereditary sensorineural deafness in Australian Cattle Dogs and associations with coat characteristics and sex

Variable

No. of dogs tested*

% normal hearing

% unilateral deafness

% bilateral deafnessa

Multilevel logistic model**

Logistic animal model***

Odds ratio (95% CI)†

P-value

Odds ratio (95% CI)†

P-value

Sex

     

0.044

 

0.059

 Male

381

91.1%

5.8%

3.1%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Female

417

86.8%

9.1%

4.1%

1.7 (1.0 to 2.8)

0.044

1.6 (1.0 to 2.6)

0.057

 Not recorded

12

75.0%

16.7%

8.3%

    

Colour*****

     

0.785

 

0.916

 Red

327

88.7%

8.0%

3.4%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Blue

137

87.6%

7.3%

5.1%

1.2 (0.6 to 2.7)

0.589

1.1 (0.5 to 2.3)

0.824

 Blue black tan

319

88.7%

7.5%

3.8%

0.8 (0.4 to 1.6)

0.563

0.9 (0.5 to 1.7)

0.775

 Blue tan

18

88.9%

11.1%

0.0%

0.7 (0.1 to 4.1)

0.723

0.6 (0.1 to 3.1)

0.571

 Red tan

1

100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

    

 Blue black

6

100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

    

 Blue mottled

1

100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

    

 Red mottled

1

100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

    

Base colour

     

0.882

 

0.885

 Blue

481

88.6%

7.5%

4.0%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Red

329

88.8%

7.9%

3.3%

1.0 (0.6 to 1.9)

0.882

1.0 (0.6 to 1.8)

0.890

Blue black tan

     

0.447

 

0.768

 No

491

88.6%

7.7%

3.7%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Yes

319

88.7%

7.5%

3.8%

0.8 (0.4 to 1.5)

0.447

0.9 (0.5 to 1.6)

0.775

Blue black

 No

804

88.6%

7.7%

3.7%

NM

 

NM

 

 Yes

6

100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

    

Blue tan

     

0.688

 

0.951

 No

792

88.6%

7.6%

3.8%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Yes

18

88.9%

11.1%

0.0%

1.4 (0.2 to 8.5)

0.688

1.0 (0.2 to 4.7)

0.954

Red tan

 No

809

88.6%

7.7%

3.7%

NM 2

 

NM 2

 

 Yes

1

100.0%

0.0%

0.0%

    

Speckled

     

0.609

 

0.726

 No

423

88.7%

7.3%

4.0%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Yes

387

88.6%

8.0%

3.4%

1.2 (0.7 to 2.1)

0.609

1.1 (0.6 to 1.9)

0.733

Mottled

     

0.507

 

0.589

 No

805

88.7%

7.7%

3.6%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Yes

5

80.0%

0.0%

20.0%

2.4 (0.2 to 33.0)

0.507

1.9 (0.2 to 20.8)

0.593

Mask

     

0.001

 

****

 No

185

85.4%

12.4%

2.2%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Left

66

83.3%

10.6%

6.1%

1.0 (0.4 to 2.4)

0.992

1.0 (0.4 to 2.3)

0.988

 Right

58

81.0%

12.1%

6.9%

1.4 (0.6 to 3.3)

0.455

1.2 (0.5 to 2.9)

0.603

 Bilateral

229

95.6%

3.1%

1.3%

0.2 (0.1 to 0.5)

0.001

0.2 (0.1 to 0.5)

<0.001

 Not recorded

272

87.9%

6.6%

5.5%

    

Head spot

     

0.767

 

0.911

 No

439

88.8%

8.7%

2.5%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Yes

99

89.9%

6.1%

4.0%

0.9 (0.4 to 2.0)

0.767

1.0 (0.5 to 2.0)

0.916

 Not recorded

272

87.9%

6.6%

5.5%

    

Pigmented body spot

    

0.034

 

0.043

 None

430

87.4%

9.3%

3.3%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 At least one

104

95.2%

3.8%

1.0%

0.3 (0.1 to 0.9)

0.034

0.4 (0.1 to 1.0)

0.041

 Not recorded

276

88.0%

6.5%

5.4%

    

White head/body patches

    

0.852

 

0.933

 No

508

89.0%

8.3%

2.8%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Yes

27

88.9%

7.4%

3.7%

1.1 (0.3 to 4.7)

0.852

0.9 (0.3 to 3.5)

0.937

 Not recorded

275

88.0%

6.5%

5.5%

    

Sire CHSD status

     

0.085

 

0.205

 Tested normal

502

91.4%

6.4%

2.2%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Unilateral deaf left ear

10

70.0%

20.0%

10.0%

5.9 (0.8 to 44.0)

0.085

3.3 (0.5 to 21.1)

0.200

 Unknown

298

84.6%

9.4%

6.0%

    

Dam CHSD status

     

0.321

 

0.402

 Normal

430

88.6%

8.4%

3.0%

Reference category

 

Reference category

 

 Unilateral deaf right ear

3

66.7%

0.0%

33.3%

4.8 (0.2 to 105.5)

0.321

3.4 (0.2 to 59.7)

0.400

 Unknown

377

88.9%

6.9%

4.2%

    
  1. The odds ratios are for having at least one deaf ear rather than normal hearing.
  2. *No. indicates number.
  3. ** Multilevel logistic models with dog fitted within litter within kennel of birth. Bolded P-values are overall likelihood ratio test P-values; unbolded P-values are Wald P-values for each coefficient.
  4. *** Logistic animal (‘threshold’) models using the full pedigree (ie all pedigree data that were available), with dog fitted as a random effect with a numerator relationship matrix. Bolded P-values are overall Wald P-values; unbolded P-values are Wald P-values for each coefficient.
  5. **** Overall p-value for mask in logistic animal model not calculated.
  6. ***** Last 5 categories were pooled for analyses.
  7. † 95% CI indicates 95% confidence interval.
  8. EX Dogs excluded because 0 dogs or 1 dog in group had hearing loss.
  9. NM Variable not modelled as no dogs in group had hearing loss.
  10. NM 2 Variable not modelled as only one dog in red tan group.
  11. a Some rows do not sum to 100.0% due to rounding.