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Table 4 Animal-level risk factors for brucellosis seropositivity, adjusted for state and management system: results from hierarchical mixed-effects logistic regression models

From: A large seroprevalence survey of brucellosis in cattle herds under diverse production systems in northern Nigeria

Risk factor and level

OR

95% CI (OR)

P-value #

All Animals

   

Breed

   

  Bos taurus

1*

–

–

  Gudali

1.52

0.65 - 3.54

0.334

  Bunaji

1.52

0.66 - 3.50

0.327

  Other B. indicus

1.59

0.67 - 3.75

0.293

  B. taurus x B. indicus

1.71

0.71 - 4.11

0.230

Sex

   

  Females

1

–

–

  Males

1.98

1.54 - 2.54

<0.001

Age

   

  < 4 years

1

–

–

  4 - 5 years

1.70

1.26 - 2.31

0.001

  5 - 7 years

2.50

1.82 - 3.44

<0.001

  > 7 years

3.82

2.72 - 5.36

<0.001

Females Only

   

Pregnancy status

   

  Pregnant

1

–

–

  Non-pregnant

1.84

1.49 - 2.27

<0.001

Lactation status

   

  Lactating

1

–

–

  Non-lactating

1.17

0.96 - 1.43

0.112

Confounders

   

State

   

  Kaduna

1

–

–

  Kano

1.09

0.66 - 1.78

0.737

  Adamawa

1.54

0.96 - 2.45

0.073

Management system

   

  Agro-pastoral

1

–

–

  Commercial

1.06

0.55 - 2.04

0.860

  Zero-grazing

1.32

0.53 - 3.31

0.555

  Pastoral

3.52

2.50 - 4.95

<0.001

Random effects

   

  LGA

–

–

1.000

  Ward

–

–

<0.001

  Herd

–

–

<0.001

  1. # Wald P-value.
  2. * Reference level.