Risk factor and level | OR | 95% CI (OR) | P-value # |
---|---|---|---|
All Animals | Â | Â | Â |
Breed | Â | Â | Â |
  Bos taurus | 1* | – | – |
  Gudali | 1.52 | 0.65 - 3.54 | 0.334 |
  Bunaji | 1.52 | 0.66 - 3.50 | 0.327 |
  Other B. indicus | 1.59 | 0.67 - 3.75 | 0.293 |
  B. taurus x B. indicus | 1.71 | 0.71 - 4.11 | 0.230 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â |
  Females | 1 | – | – |
  Males | 1.98 | 1.54 - 2.54 | <0.001 |
Age | Â | Â | Â |
  < 4 years | 1 | – | – |
  4 - 5 years | 1.70 | 1.26 - 2.31 | 0.001 |
  5 - 7 years | 2.50 | 1.82 - 3.44 | <0.001 |
  > 7 years | 3.82 | 2.72 - 5.36 | <0.001 |
Females Only | Â | Â | Â |
Pregnancy status | Â | Â | Â |
  Pregnant | 1 | – | – |
  Non-pregnant | 1.84 | 1.49 - 2.27 | <0.001 |
Lactation status | Â | Â | Â |
  Lactating | 1 | – | – |
  Non-lactating | 1.17 | 0.96 - 1.43 | 0.112 |
Confounders | Â | Â | Â |
State | Â | Â | Â |
  Kaduna | 1 | – | – |
  Kano | 1.09 | 0.66 - 1.78 | 0.737 |
  Adamawa | 1.54 | 0.96 - 2.45 | 0.073 |
Management system | Â | Â | Â |
  Agro-pastoral | 1 | – | – |
  Commercial | 1.06 | 0.55 - 2.04 | 0.860 |
  Zero-grazing | 1.32 | 0.53 - 3.31 | 0.555 |
  Pastoral | 3.52 | 2.50 - 4.95 | <0.001 |
Random effects | Â | Â | Â |
  LGA | – | – | 1.000 |
  Ward | – | – | <0.001 |
  Herd | – | – | <0.001 |