Peripheral and gastrointestinal immune systems of healthy cattle raised outdoors at pasture or indoors on a concentrate-based ration

Table 3 Haematological measurements.

Item	Reference range	Summer		Winter		Pvalue
		Outdoor	Indoor	Outdoor	Indoor	Production system, P	Season, S	P × S
Red Blood Cells (×10⁶/μL)	5 - 10	9.38 ± 0.23	9.53 ± 0.14	8.24 ± 0.13	9.15 ± 0.21	0.022	< 0.001	0.012
Haemoglobin (g/dL)	8 - 15	11.65 ± 0.19	12.98 ± 0.17	11.14 ± 0.26	12.98 ± 0.27	<0.001	0.145	0.145
Haematocrit (%)	24 - 46	37.76 ± 0.66	39.85 ± 0.52	34.99 ± 0.79	40.43 ± 0.66	< 0.001	0.043	0.003

Haematological parameters in indoor and outdoor cattle during summer and winter. Values are depicted as mean ± SEM. P value for the effects of the production system (P), season (S) and production system × season (P × S) interaction are indicated. Physiological reference ranges have previously been determined [53].

ISSN: 1746-6148