Figure 4From: Pharyngeal diameter in various head and neck positions during exercise in sport horsesEndoscopic images of the nasopharynx with marked fixed points. Easily recognizable vascular patterns or follicles were used as fixed points on the dorsal pharyngeal roof and on the epiglottis (left picture). The length on the epiglottis (a) and the distance of the perpendicular from the fixed point on the dorsal pharynx to the reference length on the epiglottis (b), are shown in the right picture. Both distances were measured and their quotient was calculated and termed pharynx-epiglottis-ratio (PE-ratio = b / a).Back to article page