Table 1 Non cutaneous presentations and osteomyelitis infections caused by fungi in cats, dogs and humans

[9]

1

Cat

M

4-month

6 months

Extensive lytic lesion involving the distal metaphysis of the right femur

5 weeks of high-dose itraconazole therapy

Unknown

[32]

7

Cat

M and F

8 months to 8 years

3 to 12 weeks

Bony involvement, including lameness, soft tissue syelling of limbs or joints, and pain on bone palpation.

No treatment

Histoplasma capsulatum

[33]

18 of 101

Cat

49 M and 52 F

Median age 6.5

6 months

Histoplasma capsulatum was confirmed in one organ (n = 83) or more than one organ (n = 18) via multi-needle aspiration and cytopathology of the lung (n = 18), liver (n = 17), spleen (n = 17), lymph node (n = 17), painful skin lesion (n = 5), bone (n = 2), oral lesion (n = 2) and one of each eye, kidney and unknown abdominal mass. 18 of 101 presented lameness.

Itraconazole followed by fluconazole

Histoplasma capsulatum

[34]

3 of 51

Cat

30 NM and 21 F

1 to 15.5 years (mean ± SD 6.8 ± 4).

Lytic/proliferative bone lesion (n = 3/51 [0,17%]). Specifically in a male neutered cat with soft tissue swelling was identified, with several months’ history of lameness.

Oral fluconazole and Itraconazole

Coccidioides immitis and

Coccidioides posadasii

[35]

2

Dog

M

8

2 months

A 5-cm-diameter subcutaneous nodule on the ventral neck, enlarged with sinuses draining a purulent discharge.

At first treatment, was instituited 10 days of therapy with cephalexin (25 mg/kg twice daily), no improvement was observed. Before diagnostic of the M. canis, the therapy consisted of itraconazole use (10 mg mL-1 once daily, for unknow period) and surgical excision of the nodule.

Miscrosporum canis

[35]

F

4

Acute

A 3-cm-diameter, subcutaneous nodule on the groin, close to the mammary gland (pseudomycetoma). Another nodule of < 2 cm in diameter, developed in the axilla after one month of therapy with itraconazole.

3 months of itraconazole therapy (10 mg/kg once daily)

Miscrosporum canis

[24]

1

Human

M

45

Left tibial osteomyelitis, accompanied by skin fungal infection of the ipsilateral heel. The patient had a history of injury from a rusty object, which penetrated the anterior skin of the left tibia middle segment causing subsequent bone infection.

Surgical debridement and vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) three times followed by antimicrobial therapy sequentially with ceftizoxime (30 days) and piperacillin zobartan (35 days) and potassium permanganate tablets for dermatophytosis that lasted 3 days.

Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium and dermatophytosis fungus caused by an unidentified species

[2]

1

Human

M

52

Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus, initially presented with a pilon fracture requiring temporary external fixation while awaiting definitive fixation.

Surgical debridement and 3 months of itraconazole.

Trichophyton rubrum

[36]

1

Human

F

32

A cluster of papules that ranged in size from 0.5 to 1.0 cm on the knee, with a mycetoma-like.

Oral fluconazole treatment was initiated (200 mg/day)

Miscrosporum canis