Table 5 Association of demographic parameters with the prevalence of brucellosis

Age (years)

 Overall

 ≤ 4

13.67 (19/139)

(8.76–20.32)

2.777

0.249

1.52

0.77

0.62

 > 4 years but ≤ 8

9.45 (29/307)

(6.56–13.24)

1

 More than 8

15.91 (7/44)

(7.21–29.18)

1.81

0.62

4.62

 Cattle

 ≤ 4

14.44 (13/90)

(8.15–2308)

0.481

0.786

1.26

0.53

2.93

 > 4 years but ≤ 8

11.80 (17/144)

(7.19–18.20)

1

 More than 8

9.09 (1/11)

(0.46–40.11)

0.75

0.02

5.89

 Buffalo

 ≤ 4

12.24 (6/49)

(5.47–24.06)

4.052

0.132

1.75

0.51

5.4

 > 4 years but ≤ 8

7.36 (12/163)

(4.07–12.38)

1

 More than 8

18.18 (6/33)

(8.22–34.47)

2.78

0.79

2.78

Gender

 Overall

 Female

11.30 (52/460)

(8.61–14.50)

0.048

0.826

1.10

0.37

4.91

 Male

10.00 (3/30)

(2.77–25.96)

 Cattle

 Female

12.39 (29/234)

(8.61–17.19)

0.319

0.572

0.61

0.14

4.52

 Male

18.18 (2/11)

(3.32–50.01)

 Buffalo

 Female

10.17 (23/226)

(6.69–14.70)

0.479

0.489

1.80

0.34

44.75

 Male

5.26 (1/19)

(0.26–25.17)

Breed

 Cattle

 Sahiwal

6.49 (5/77)

(2.59–14.50)

8.382

0.039

0.56

0.11

3.01

 Friesian

8.88 (4/45)

(3.08–20.57)

0.78

0.13

4.55

 Crossbred

11.11 (4/36)

(3.88–25.77)

1

 Non-descript

20.69 (18/87)

(12.82–30.27)

2.08

0.61

9.12

 Buffalo

 Nili Ravi

7.48 (16/214)

(4.50-11.76)

10.296

0.001

0.23

0.09

0.64

 Non-descript

25.81 (8/31)

(12.61–43.38)

Herd size (No. of heads)

 Overall

 Up to 10

26.22 (16/61)

(15.86–38.37)

49.128

0.000

0.9

0.39

2.05

 From 11 to 100

5.07 (18/355)

(3.13–7.78)

0.14

0.06

0.29

 > 100

28.38 (21/74)

(18.51–39.75)

1

 Cattle

 Up to 10

30.00 (9/30)

(15.81–48.29)

32.259

0.000

0.79

0.24

2.54

 From 11 to 100

5.52 (10/181)

(2.83–9.76)

0.11

0.04

0.31

 > 100

35.29 (12/34)

(19.99–53.02)

1

 Buffalo

 Up to 10

22.58 (7/31)

(10.26–40.06)

18.361

0.000

1

0.27

3.54

 From 11 to 100

4.60 (8/174)

(2.04–8.71)

0.17

0.05

0.53

 > 100

22.50 (9/40)

(11.84–37.97)

1

Parity

 Overall

 ≤ 3

11.75 (39/332)

(8.63–15.58)

0.233

0.629

1.17

0.61

2.36

 > 3

10.16 (13/128)

(5.52–16.57)

 Cattle

 ≤ 3

13.89 (25/180)

(9.22–19.59)

1.607

0.205

1.95

0.71

7.05

 > 3

7.41 (4/54)

(2.56–17.22)

 Buffalo

 ≤ 3

9.21 (14/152)

(5.36–14.92)

0.474

0.491

0.73

0.30

1.85

 > 3

12.16 (9/74)

(6.26–21.31)

Pregnancy

 Overall

 Yes

12.24 (6/49)

(5.47–24.06)

0.048

0.826

1.13

0.41

2.63

 No

11.19 (46/411)

(8.41–14.64)

 Cattle

 Yes

15.00 (3/20)

(4.21–36.94)

0.137

0.711

1.32

0.28

4.34

 No

12.15 (26/214)

(8.24–17.16)

 Buffalo

 Yes

10.34 (3/29)

(2.87–26.87)

0.001

0.974

1.06

0.23

3.42

 No

10.15 (20/197)

(6.40-15.08)

Puberty Status

 Overall

 Heifers

16.67 (11/66)

(9.14–27.73)

2.210

0.137

1.73

0.80

3.49

 Adults

10.41 (41/394)

(7.64–13.76)

 Cattle

 Heifers

16.67 (5/30)

(6.80-34.52)

0.579

0.447

1.53

0.47

4.14

 Adults

11.76 (24/204)

(7.89–16.83)

 Buffalo

 Heifers

16.67 (6/36)

(7.51–32.03)

1.973

0.160

2.06

0.68

5.50

 Adults

8.95 (17/190)

(5.30-13.79)

Mode of insemination

 Overall

 Artificial Insemination

4.55 (5/110)

(1.80-10.14)

7.436

0.024

1

 Natural Breeding

14.14 (41/290)

(10.39–10.57)

3.45

1.31

11.50

 Not Inseminated

10.00 (6/60)

(4.44–20.38)

2.32

0.56

10.08

 Cattle

 Artificial Insemination

4.44 (4/90)

(1.52–10.74)

8.814

0.012

1

 Natural Breeding

18.10 (21/116)

(11.78–26.1)

4.72

1.51

19.67

 Not Inseminated

14.29 (4/28)

(5.02–31.61)

3.53

0.61

20.50

 Buffalo

 Artificial Insemination

5.00 (1/20)

(0.25–23.88)

1.456

0.483

1

 Natural Breeding

11.49 (20/174)

(7.24–17.07)

2.46

0.35

107.54

 Not Inseminated

6.25 (2/32)

(1.12–19.59)

1.26

0.06

78.57

Co-raising of small ruminants

 No

9.19 (26/283)

(6.23–13.13)

2.79

0.095

0.62

0.35

1.09

 Yes

14.01 (29/207)

(9.73–19.44)