Impact assessed | Indicator(s) used | Change in indicator following intervention? | Method of measurement | Study design type | Intervention type (limited to dog-related activities) | Country (city or region if applicable), Continent | Publication type | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Improve dog welfare | Body condition score | No | Repeated clinical exam of cohort of dogs | Quasi-experimental; prospective cohort | Rabies vaccination | Tanzania, Africa | Peer-reviewed publication | [17] |
1. Improve dog welfare | Body condition score | Yes | Clinical exam of dogs whilst in intervention clinic or during handling for vaccination (control group) | Observational; retrospective cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and return of roaming dogs | India (Rajasthan), Asia | Peer-reviewed publication | [15] |
Presence of ticks/fleas | Yes | |||||||
Open wounds | Yes | |||||||
Antibodies to canine infectious diseases (serology) | Yes | |||||||
1. Improve dog welfare | Body condition score | Yes | Street surveys of roaming dogs | Quasi-experimental; Cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and return of roaming dogs | India (Jodhpur), Asia | Peer-reviewed publication | [16] |
Skin condition | Yes | Clinical exam of dogs whilst in intervention clinic | ||||||
Open wounds | No | |||||||
1. Improve dog welfare | Dog-dog aggression | No | Video surveillance of roaming dogs | Experimental; prospective cohort | Castration of male dogs | Chile (Puerto Natales), S America | Peer-reviewed publication | [22] |
Dog-human aggression | No | |||||||
Interspecies aggression | No | |||||||
1. Improve dog welfare | Body condition score | Yes | Clinical exam of dogs whilst in intervention clinic | Observational, no control group; repeated cross-sectional | Neutering, rehoming, basic vet care, euthanasia | USA (Lakota Reservation), N America | Conference presentation | [14] |
Skin condition | Yes | |||||||
2. Improve care provide to dogs | Proportion of dogs brought to clinic, as opposed to needing to be caught | Yes | Interview of local grocery stores | |||||
Dog food purchases | Yes | |||||||
1. Improve dog welfare | Body condition score | Yes | Street surveys of roaming dogs | Quasi-experimental; repeated cross-sectional | Neutering, rabies vaccination, basic vet care, bite prevention education | Sri Lanka (Colombo), Asia | Conference presentation | [13] |
Skin condition | Yes | |||||||
3. Reduce dog density/stabilise turnover | Number of dogs observed in sample of wards | Yes | ||||||
Percentage of lactating females | Yes | |||||||
3. Reduce dog density/stabilise turnover | Number of dogs observed in ‘zones’ demarked by intervention | Yes | Mark (ear notch applied during intervention)-resight survey of roaming dogs | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and return of roaming dogs | India (Jaipur), Asia | Conference presentation | [42] |
3. Reduce dog density/stabilise turnover | Number of dogs in sample areas | Yes | Mark (paint applied during survey)-resight survey of roaming dogs | Quasi-experimental; Cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and return of roaming dogs | India (Jodhpur), Asia | Peer-reviewed publication | [43] |
3. Reduce dog density/stabilise turnover | Number of dogs per square mile of sampled areas | No | Mark (individual dogs identified and recorded using photographs)-resight survey of roaming dogs, also known as photo capture-recapture | Observational, no control group; repeated cross-sectional | Roaming dogs removed by Animal Control and housed for returning, rehoming or euthanasia in a local government pound | USA (Baltimore), N America | Book | [48] |
3. Reduce dog density/stabilise turnover | Percentage of lactating females and puppies | Yes | Street surveys of roaming dogs | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and return of roaming dogs | Nepal, Asia | Conference presentation | [51] |
Rabies vaccination | ||||||||
Male:female | No | |||||||
3. Reduce dog density/stabilise turnover | Percentage of households experiencing dog mortality in past 12 months | Yes | Questionnaire of dog owners | Observational; cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and basic health care for owned and roaming dogs | Thailand (Kho Tao), Asia | Report | [27] |
Percentage of owned dogs adopted | Yes | |||||||
3. Reduce dog density/stabilise turnover | Number of dogs observed on 6 standard routes | Yes | Street surveys of roaming dogs | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and return of roaming dogs | India (Jaipur), Asia | Peer-reviewed publication | [41] |
4. Reduce risks to public health | Human rabies cases | Yes | Data collected from local hospital | Quasi-experimental; cross-sectional | ||||
4. Reduce risks to public health | Reported dog bites from local hospital | Yes | Accessed publically available hospital reports | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Neutering, vaccination and return of roaming dogs | India (Jaipur), Asia | Peer-reviewed publication | [57] |
4. Reduce risks to public health | Human bite injuries from suspect rabid dogs | Yes | Animal-bite injury data collected from Government District Hospitals | Experimental; repeated cross-sectional | Rabies vaccination | Tanzania, Africa | Peer-reviewed publication | [58] |
4. Reduce risks to public health | Dog rabies cases | Yes | Data collected from district Veterinary and Health authorities | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Rabies vaccination | Indonesia (Bali), Asia | Peer-reviewed publication | [60] |
Dog bite injuries treated with PEP | Yes | |||||||
Human rabies cases | Yes | |||||||
4. Reduce risks to public health | Human rabies cases | Yes | Data collected from Peruvian Ministry of Health | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Rabies vaccination | Peru (Lima), S America | Peer-reviewed publication | [65] |
Dog rabies cases | Yes | |||||||
4. Reduce risks to public health | Incidence of livestock with hydatid cysts | Yes | Surveillance of offal at slaughter houses | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Dog deworming | New Zealand, Australasia | Report | [68] |
4. Reduce risks to public health | Surgical incidence of cysts in humans | Yes | Quarterly reports from all hospitals | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Dog deworming | Australia (Tasmania), Australasia | Peer-reviewed publication | [69] |
Incidence of hydatid cysts in sheep | Yes | Surveillance of offal at slaughter houses | ||||||
Incidence of infected dogs | Yes | Presence of worms following purging of dogs | ||||||
4. Reduce risks to public health | Incidence of hydatid cysts in sheep | Yes | Surveillance of offal at slaughter houses | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Dog deworming | Falkland Islands, S America | Peer-reviewed publication | [70] |
Incidence of infected dogs | Yes | ELISA test for serum antibodies and ELISA test for copro-antigens | ||||||
4. Reduce risks to public health | Incidence of human cases of leishmaniasis | Yes | Data collected from State Epidemiological Surveillance Centre | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Dog culling | Brazil (Aracatuba), S America | Peer-reviewed publication | [71] |
4. Reduce risksto public health | Incidence of human cases of leishmaniasis | Yes | Data collected from Zoonoses Control Centers (dog seropositive status tested by ELISA and confirmed by Indirect Immunofluorescency test) | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Dog vaccination and culling | Brazil (Aracatuba and Belo Horizonte), S America | Peer-reviewed publication | [73] |
Incidence of leishmaniasis infection in dogs | Yes | |||||||
4. Reduce risks to public health | Incidence of human infection with leishmaniasis | Yes | LST conversion and DAT of finger-prick blood samples from children | Experimental, cluster randomized control trial; prospective cohort | Deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars | Iran (Kalaybar and Meshkin-Shahr), Middle East | Peer-reviewed publication | [74] |
Incidence of leishmaniasis infection in dogs | Yes | DAT of dog serological samples | ||||||
4. Reduce risks to public health | Incidence of leishmaniasis infection in dogs | Yes | Antibody test - rK39 dipstick of serological samples Parasitology tests - Examination of lymph-node smears and PCR of dermal tissue | Experimental parallel-group randomized control trial; prospective cohort | Repellent and insecticidal (imidacloprid 10%/permethrin 50%) spot-on for dogs | Italy, Europe | Peer-reviewed publication | [75] |
4. Reduce risks to public health | Dog rabies cases | Yes | Data collected from municipal vet authority | Observational; repeated cross-sectional | Neutering, rabies vaccination, basic vet care, bite prevention education | Sri Lanka (Colombo), Asia | Peer-reviewed publication | [59] |
Dog bite injuries treated with PEP | Yes | |||||||
5. Improve public perception | Summative acceptance score | Yes | Data collected from bite centre in General Hospital | |||||
Number of dog-related problems | Yes | Attitude statements in questionnaire | ||||||
Participatory research with focus groups | ||||||||
6. Improve rehoming/adoption centre performance | Intake rates | Yes | Monthly reporting of data from each of six rehoming/adoption centres | Observational; prospective cohort study | Mixed – each of 6 communities selected the most locally relevant intervention. Examples included high-volume spay/neuter services, adoption promotions, new fund-raising strategies and community engagement | USA, N America | Peer-reviewed publication | [78] |
Live release rates | Yes | |||||||
6. Improve rehoming/adoption centre performance | Intake rates | No | Reporting of intake data from all rehoming/adoption centres involved in five Maddie’s Fund (donor) community programs | Observational; retrospective cohort study | Low cost neutering for owned dogs | USA, N America | Peer-reviewed publication | [79] |