Cardiorespiratory and antinociceptive effects of two different doses of lidocaine administered to horses during a constant intravenous infusion of xylazine and ketamine

Table 1 Response to noxious stimulation (move/no move) and mean (±SD) bispectral index (BIS) values in mares undergoing intravenous anesthesia with xylazine, guaifenesin and ketamine combined with a high lidocaine dose (THL), low lidocaine dose (TLL) or saline infusion (TS) (n = 6)

Parameter	Treat¹	Time (minutes)
		T5	T15	T20	T30	T45	T60	T75	T80
Response to noxious stimulation	THL		6/0		0/6*		0/6*^a	0/6*^a
	TLL		4/2		2/4		2/4^ab	2/4^ab
	TS		4/2		4/2		6/0^b	6/0^b
BIS	THL	97 ± 1	96 ± 4	63 ± 12^*a	43 ± 11^*a	45 ± 12^*a	56 ± 19^*a	63 ± 16^*a	87 ± 15
	TLL	97 ± 1	96 ± 2	79 ± 26^ab	75 ± 23^b	84 ± 21^b	87 ± 15^b	91 ± 12^b	97 ± 2
	TS	96 ± 3	92 ± 9	94 ± 4^b	95 ± 3^b	98 ± 0^b	97 ± 1^b	98 ± 1^b	98 ± 1

1- Treat = Treatment; * - statistical difference from the baseline value (row) (P < 0.05); different superscript letters indicate difference between treatments at each time point (column) (P < 0.05). For all means n = 6; T5 and T15–5 and 15 minutes after induction of anesthesia with xylazine, guaifenesin and ketamine respectively (and maintenance with xylazine and ketamine); T20, T30, T60, T75 and T80–5, 15, 45, 60 and 65 minutes after high lidocaine dose (THL), low lidocaine dose (TLL) or saline infusion (TS) respectively.

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